ALIMENTARY CANAL OF BRUTA. 451 



which is minutely wrinkled, but not villous : the thick epithelium 

 terminates in a free, minutely jagged border. A groove or canal 

 is continued from the cardia along the right side of the incomplete 

 septum dividing the right compartment of the paunch, d, and 

 curves downward to communicate by a moderately wide crescentic 

 aperture with the second or middle division of the stomach, g. 

 This division presents the ordinary form of a simple stomach, but 

 in a reversed position, i.e. with the great curvature turned toward 

 the diaphragm : it communicates with the right compartment of 

 the cardiac division by the right extremity of the crescentic oeso- 

 phageal aperture, and with the third or pyloric division of the 

 stomach by the left extremity of the same canal: a fold formed 

 by the lower end of the left wall of the oesophageal groove divides 

 these two communications. In the character of its lining mem- 

 brane the second division resembles the right compartment of the 

 cardiac division, and should be regarded, physiologically, as a 

 third subdivision of it. The third, or pyloric cavity, f, has also 

 the form of the ordinary simple stomach, but with the great end 

 next the pylorus ; the smaller or left end swells out about half 

 an inch to the left of the crescentic aperture by which both the 

 second cavity and the oesophageal groove communicate with it. 

 The thick epithelium is continued over the inner surface of the 

 third cavity to the pylorus, increasing in thickness toward that 

 part, and taking on a coarse villous character. The thick epi- 

 thelium is absent from an oval patch at the great curvature, e, 

 the surface of which is vascular and minutely villous ; about half 

 an inch to the left of the free epithelial border of the mucous 

 patch, there is the apex of a gland, lodged in a circular fossa, 

 1 line in diameter, and closely resembling one of the ( fossulate 

 papillae ' of the tongue. 



The leading character of the stomach in Bruta is one tending 

 to compensate for the poor masticating machinery in the mouth, 

 indicated by Cuvier's name of the order. It is, of course, least 

 conspicuous in the toothed families : but even in these the 

 musculotendinous structures at the pyloric portion, and the thick 

 epithelium continued over the inner surface of that part in the 

 Phyllophagous species, significantly indicate a community of type 

 under the mask of the most complex modifications of the digestive 

 cavity. The great expanse and subdivision by broad and per- 

 manent folds of the cardiac cavity, in fig. 354, simulates the rumi- 

 nant stomach : but the position of the vasculo-villous part of the 

 lining membrane is similar to that of the more special glandular 



GG 2 



