468 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



sory particulars : it is presented by the Camelidce, and will be 

 first described as it appears in the stomach of a foetal Llama 

 (Auchenia Glama, Desm.). Like the stomach of Tragulus, the 

 psalterium is less distinctly separated from the abomasus, and at 

 this early period of existence it exhibits in the Llama a similar 

 deficiency of the characteristic longitudinal lamina ; but it is also 

 devoid of the dense epithelium. The reticulum, however, is much 

 more complex, each of the larger alveoli being developed into many 

 smaller ones, — a structure partially indicated in the reticulum of 

 the Goat, and more strongly marked in that of the Ox. There 

 are, moreover, two groups of cells developed from distant parts 

 of the rumen, which differ from those of the reticulum in being 

 shallower and being visible from without, giving a sacculated 

 character to those parts of the paunch. The rumen has the dense 

 epithelial lining, but is destitute of the villi which characterise it 

 in the horned ruminants. It is partially divided into two com- 

 partments by a strong fasciculus of muscular fibres, which, com- 

 mencing on the left side of the cardiac orifice, traverses the paunch 

 longitudinally. On the right side of this ridge, about fourteen 

 smaller muscular fasciculi pass off at right angles, and these ridges 

 are connected by still smaller fasciculi, running transversely be- 

 tween them, at definite distances from each other ; the quadr- 

 angular spaces which result from the above arrangement of 

 fasciculi are partly closed by a production of the lining membrane, 

 leaving a circular aperture in the centre of each square for the 

 passage of liquids into the cells beneath. The compartment of 

 the paunch, to the left of the great longitudinal ridge, terminates 

 in two sacculi, at what may be considered the cardiac extremity. 

 The sacculus nearest the oesophagus is simple ; the one farthest 

 from it is developed into a series of cells, of a smaller size, but of 

 precisely similar construction to those on the opposite side of the 

 paunch, — a series of smaller muscular bands passing off at right 

 angles from the larger one which separates the two sacculi, and 

 these lesser bands being connected by transverse fasciculi, in the 

 intervals of which the cells are developed. The reticulum or 

 water-bag, shows that the cells are situated between a series of 

 parallel muscular fasciculi, as in the rumen ; but their further 

 subdivision is carried to a greater extent, and their orifices are 

 not guarded by membranous productions. The dense epithelium 

 is not continued into this cavity : its muscular coat is so disposed 

 that the exterior is smooth and uniform, and the cells are scarcely 

 visible from without. A muscular ridge, longitudinal at the end 

 of the oesophagus, winds round the upper part of the reticulum 



