ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 211 



consciousness of an end. Along with this cognitive factor 

 there is a conative one, a predetermined bending of the con- 

 stitutional bow in a particular direction. And there may also 

 be, in some cases, an evocation of associated emotions. 



According to Professor McDougall, instinct is a functional 

 unit which is transmitted as such from generation to genera- 

 tion, but it implies the existence in the creature's innate 

 constitution of three things " first, a specialised perceptual 

 disposition; secondly, a specific conative tendency that is ex- 

 cited when this perceptual disposition is played upon by the 

 appropriate sense-impression ; and thirdly, some co-ordinated 

 system of motor channels through which the conative tend- 

 ency works towards its satisfaction ". 



Less technically we may say that there is (1) some degree 

 of awareness of what is being done, (2) a feeling of activity 

 and a bent bow, and (3) the constitutionally ingrained link- 

 ages which make a chain of reflex-like acts possible. 



10. Evidence of Intelligent Behaviour. 



Especially among birds and mammals we find behaviour 

 which cannot be adequately described without using psycho- 

 logical terms. It implies, objectively, some l trial-and-error ' 

 experiments and profiting thereby, some ' learning ' that is 

 more than woodenly associative, something more than the 

 dog's secretion of salivary juice when the dinner whistle is 

 blown. We infer that it implies, subjectively, some per- 

 ceptual inference, some working with ideas, some apprecia- 

 tion of the relations of things. It is reflective and experi- 

 mental as contrasted with reflex and instinctive. 



The Greek eagle lets the tortoise fall on the rocks so that 

 it is broken, just as the rook does with the fresh-water mus- 

 sel. The collie anticipates a possible straying of the flock 



