28 THE HUMAN BODY. 



any, provide his own shelter, and defend himself from wild 

 beasts or his fellow men. In the civilized country, on the 

 other hand, we find agriculturists to raise food and cooks, 

 to prepare it, tailors to make clothes, and policemen and 

 soldiers to provide protection. And just as we find that, 

 when distribution of employments in it is more minute 

 a nation is more advanced in civilization, so is an ani- 

 mal higher or lower in the scale according to the degree in. 

 which it exhibits a division of physiological duties between, 

 its different tissues. 



From the subdivision of labor in advanced communities-, 

 several important consequences arise. In the first place, 

 each man devoting himself to one kind of work mainly and 

 relying upon others for the supply of his other needs, every 

 sort of work gets better done. The man who is constantly 

 making boots becomes more expert than one whose atten- 

 tion is constantly distracted by other duties, and he will not 

 only make more boots in a given time, but better ones; and 

 so with the performance of all other kinds of work. In. 

 the second place, a necessity arises for a new sort of indus- 

 try, in order to convey the produce of one individual in 

 excess of the needs of himself and his family to those at a 

 distance who may want it, and to convey back in return 

 the excess of their produce which he needs. The carriage 

 of food from the country to cities, and of city produce 

 to country districts, and the occupation of shopkeeping r 

 are instances of these new kinds of labor which arise in 

 civilized communities. In addition there is developed a 

 need for arrangements by which the work of individuals 

 shall be regulated in proportion to the wants of the 

 whole community, such a-3 is in part effected by the agency 

 of large employers of labor who regulate the activities of 

 a number of individuals for the production of various 

 articles in the different quantities required at different 

 times. 



Exactly similar phenomena result from the subdivision 

 of labor in the Human Body. By the distribution of em- 

 ployments between its different tissues, each one specially 

 doing one work for the general community and relying on 



