70 IMMEDIATE PRINCIPLES OF THE TISSUES. 



Hence grape sugar, glucose, hepatic sugar, and diabetic sugar, are all 

 synonymous terms, and are all expressed by the formula C 12 H 14 O 14 . 

 Cane sugar is C 12 H n O n ; and hence grape sugar is formed in the 

 organism (though in small quantity) from the latter, by the addition 

 of three atoms of water 3 (HO). 



Hepatic sugar (or diabetic) possesses great physiological import- 

 ance, and is an immediate principle of the liver ; and milk sugar is 

 normally an element of that fluid. That either results, however, 

 from the dis-assimilation of the organ producing it, is scarcely pro- 

 bable, though they are included in this class by Robin and Verdeil. 



1. Hepatic Sugar. (C 12 H 14 O 14 .) 

 Synonyms : Diabetic Sugar ; Grape Sugar ; Glucose. 



Hepatic sugar exists normally in the parenchyma of the liver, in 

 the hepatic veins, and the portion between them and the heart, of 

 the inferior vena cava, in the blood of the right heart and the pul- 

 monary artery. During fasting, little or none is found in the pul- 

 monary veins, the left heart, and the aorta and its branches ; but 

 during digestion it may be found in all these parts, in small amount, 

 and sometimes in the veins generally also. A very little may be 

 found in the vena portae during digestion, but never at any other 

 time, unless it be introduced in the food ; though it will still be 

 found in the hepatic veins. It never exists in bile, in the normal 

 state. 



It is found from the fourth or fifth month of intra-uterine life to 

 the most advanced age. The urine of the foetus in utero normally 

 contains it, this fluid being at that epoch normally diabetic. 



In diabetes, glucose exists in the urine, the kidney, the saliva, the 

 serosity of the pericardium, and that produced by a blister, in the 

 semen (of a dog), in matters vomited, and in the perspiration. Others 

 add the feces also. 1 But none is found in the brain or spinal cord, 



1 The existence of the yeast fungus (torula cerevisise) in urine has been regarded 

 as a proof of the presence and the fermentation of sugar. (Fig. 39.) Fungi of a 



w. 



Torula cerevisise. Successive stages of cell-multiplication. 



