214 



THE FLUIDS. 



Fig. 120. 



an emulsion (Bernard) ; the last being absorbed partly by the lac- 

 teals and partly by the bloodvessels of the villi, and the first two 

 by these vessels alone. It cannot, however, be the main agent in 

 changing the fatty elements below the jejunum; since it is changed 

 or reabsorbed before it reaches the middle of the small intestine. 

 The intestinal fluid supplies its place in this respect, through the 

 remaining portions of the alimentary canal (p. 201). 



IY. URINE. 



The urine is of a lighter or deeper amber color, and has a bitter 

 saline taste ; being, while still of the temperature of the body, per- 

 fectly clear and transparent, and of a pe- 

 culiar faintly aromatic odor, and acid re- 

 action. Its specific gravity never, in the 

 normal state, rises above 1030 (Lehmanri), 

 and averages not more than 1020. 



The only morphological elements nor- 

 mally found in urine are epithelial cells> 

 and more or less cytoid (mucus) corpus- 

 cles (Fig. 120); these being accidentally 

 present, as they are in the other glandu- 

 lar secretions, and presenting nothing 

 peculiar. 



. But in pathological conditions, a variety of histological elements 

 may be found. Of these, the spermatozoids, pus- (cytoid) corpus- 

 cles, blood-corpuscles, and fibrinous casts of the tubuli uriniferi, are 

 the most common; to which may be added cells and fibrinous casts 

 containing fat-globules, as occurring in Bright's disease; and the 

 large and small organic globules. 



1. Spermatozoids (Fig. 116) are found most abundantly in the 

 urine after pollutions and sexual inter- 

 course, and are not to be referred to a 

 pathological state except in some cases 

 of spermatorrhoea. 



2. Pus occurs in urine (Fig. 121) in 

 cases of inflammation of the bladder; 

 but the pus-corpuscle not being distin- 

 guishable histologically from the mucus 

 corpuscles (p. 146), needs not a distinct 

 notice here. Cytoid-corpuscles abound in the urine in case also of 

 inflammation of the kidney and the prostate; and in vesical catarrh, 

 so called. 



3. Blood- corpuscles appear in inflammation of the kidney, &c.; in 

 consequence of hemorrhage from any part of the urinary passages. 



Mucus-corpuscles and epithelial 

 cells in urine. 



Fig. 121. 



Pus-corpuscles in urine. 



