URINE. 223 



1. Scaly epithelium. (Fig. 132.) 



2. Mucus and pus (cytoid), corpuscles. (Figs. 120 and 121.) 



3. Blood-corpuscles. (Fig. 123.) 



4. Albumen. Heat and nitric acid solidify it, and make it appa- 



rent (p. 86). 



5. Fibrinous casts (three forms), together with fat-globules. (Figs. 



123, 124, and 379.) 



6. Organic globules (two kinds). (Figs. 125 and 126.) 



7. Spermatozoids. (Fig. 116.) 



8. Fungi (two kinds). (Figs. 127, 128.) 



9. Sarcina ventriculi. (Fig. 129.) 



II. The crystalline (except carbonate of lime) deposits of mineral 

 origin : 



1. Chloride of sodium. (Figs. 1 and 2.) 



2. Triple phosphate. (Figs. 6 to 9.) 



3. Carbonate of lime (usually amorphous). (Fig. 3.) 



Those of organic origin, and their compounds with mineral sub- 

 stances, are: 



1. Urea. (Fig. 87.) 



2. Uric acid (various forms). (Figs. 11 to 19.) 



3. Urate of soda. (Fig. 22.) 



4. Cystine. (Fig. 38.) 



5. Hippuric acid. (Fig. 25.) 



6. Oxalate of lime (various forms). (Figs. 26 to 31.) 



Urinary Concretions. (Vesical and Renal Calculi^ 



Calculi in the bladder and kidneys are formed by precipitation 

 of the solids in solution in the urine, around a nucleus, so called. 

 This is sometimes a foreign body introduced into the bladder from 

 without; and sometimes a particle of mucus or other animal sub- 

 stance (and still oftener uric acid), formed within it. In either 

 case, as soon as the nucleus is formed, the mineral constituents of 

 the urine may be precipitated around it, and thus a calculus is con- 

 centrically formed. The composition of the calculus will, of course, 

 depend upon the constituents precipitated ; and very frequently it 

 happens that the concentric layers are formed of different sub- 

 stances. Such are termed alternating calculi ; and they alone de- 

 monstrate the incorrectness of the doctrine of diatheses as the 

 uric acid diathesis, the phosphatic diathesis, &c. (Fig. 34.) 



Calculi found in the bladder may be first formed in the substance 

 of the kidney. Calculi are also formed in the prostate gland (p. 

 54); but these are, of course, not concretions from the urine. 



The following abstract shows the composition of 353 calculi in 

 Guy's Hospital; and of 78 in the Museum of the Transylvania 

 University ; the last having been examined by Dr. Peter. 1 



1 Bird on Urinary Deposits, pp. 321-23. 



