AS THE BIOLOGIST SEES IT 



the intra-specific phase of its struggle for 

 life. 



As a matter of fact, this reliance by 

 animal kinds for success in the world upon 

 a more or less extreme adoption of the 

 mutual-aid principle, as contrasted with 

 the mutual-fight principle, is much more 

 widely spread among the lower animals 

 than familiarly recognized, while in the 

 case of man, it has been, in connection 

 with high brain development and the 

 acquirement of the power of speaking 

 and writing, the greatest single factor in 

 the achievement of his proud biological 

 position as king of living creatures. 



Altruism or mutual aid, as the biol- 

 ogists prefer to call it, to escape the 

 implication of assuming too much con- 

 sciousness in it is just as truly a funda- 

 mental biologic factor of evolution as is 

 the cruel, strictly self -regarding, extermi- 

 nating kind of struggle for existence with 

 which the Neo-Darwinists try to fill our 

 eyes and ears to the exclusion of the 

 recognition of all other factors. 

 57 



