34 MIND. 



other organs, when its life ceases, its power to perform its function 

 ceases, and the mind ceases : when disease or mechanical injury 

 affects it, the mind is affected, inflammation of the stomach causes 

 vomiting, of the brain delirium, a blow upon the loins suppres- 

 sion or alteration of the urine, a blow upon the head stuns; if ori- 

 ginally constituted defective, the mind is defective c ; if fully de- 



1. c. t. ii. p. 364. sqq. " Some pretend to discover a striking resemblance 

 between the brain of an orang-utan and that of man. But, in the first place, the 

 difference of their volume is as five to one ; their convolutions differ considerably 

 in number and structure ; the anterior lobes, especially, are contracted into a 

 cone, flattened above, hollow below, &c. ; and the difference is still more 

 remarkable in other simiae." t. vi. p. 298. 



c See Gall, 1. c. t. i. p. 196. sqq., and t. ii. p. 322. sqq. " Willis has described 

 the brain of a young man imbecile from birth; its volume is scarcely ith 

 part of that of an ordinary human brain. M. Bonn, professor at Amsterdam, 

 has two little crania of idiots, and the brain of an imbecile who attained his 

 twenty-fifth year, and was so stupid, that he was shown for money as an 

 African savage," &c. " I have observed heads equally small in many living 

 idiots from birth. All these crania and heads are 13 or 14 inches in circum- 

 ference, and 11 or 12 inches from the root of the nose to the foramen occi- 

 pitale." "With from 14 to 17 inches in circumference; and about 10 or 12 

 from the root of the nose to the foramen occipitale, we have more or less stupidity, 

 a more or less complete incapacity to fix the attention upon one object; uncertain 



and transitory feelings and passions; confusion of ideas," &c " Heads of 18 or 



18^ inches in circumference are still small, although they permit a regular exer- 

 cise of the faculties ; they possess but a sad mediocrity of talent, a spirit of servile 

 imitation, &c. ; an extreme deficiency of seizing the relation between cause and 

 effect ; a want of self-government, and often few desires. Still some qualities or 

 faculties may be considerable, because particular organs may be greatly developed, 

 forming a striking contrast with the mediocrity of the rest. But as we approach 

 larger brains, we see intellectual faculties of greater magnitude, till we arrive at 

 heads 21 or 22 inches in circumference, the dimensions at which men obtain 

 the height of intelligence." Gall means French inches, which are about ^ g longer 

 than the English. 



" The dimensions of the brain," says Dr. Magendie, " are proportioned to 

 those of the head. In this respect there is a great difference in individuals. 

 The volume of the brain is generally in direct proportion to the capacity of the 

 mind."" It is rarely found that a man distinguished by his mental faculties has 

 not a large head." Precis de Physiologic, t. i. p. 184. 



Dr. Marshall, an anatomical lecturer in London from two-and-forty to six- 

 and-twenty years ago, taught that the brain was the organ of mind, its original 

 defective conformation a source of idiocy, its disease the cause of insanity ; and 

 gave many dissections of maniacs, and an excellent sketch of the varieties of the 

 disease. Morbid Anatomy of the Brain, $c. collected from the papers of the late 

 Andrew Marshall, M,D., by S. Sawrey, London, 1815. 



