378 MENTAL FUNCTIONS OF 



qualities ; then those which have more and more nobleness ; and 

 end with the highest sentiment that which leads us to reverence 

 the divinity." s 



in another allows it to brutes (Phr. Am. ed.) ; and, having subdivided sentiments 

 into superior and inferior and finished the inferior, saying he has " gone over 

 the affective faculties which are common to men and animals," he begins with 

 the superior, and says the first (benevolence) " cannot be entirely denied " to 

 brutes, (p. 222.) He arranges the five external senses with the intellectual 

 faculties; " the triumph of his new arrangement," as Gall severely terms it. 

 Dr. S.'s classification had been devised and published ten years before by BischofF. 

 Yes; Dr. S., in all his works and editions, gives his arrangement without a 

 hint that any one had classed the faculties before ; whereas in the work already 

 quoted (Exposition de la Doctrine de Gall, traduite de la seconde edition d'Al- 

 lemand, 1 806), Bischoff's division into three orders will be found, the first 

 containing the propensities and sentiments; the second, the perceptive facul- 

 ties ; and the third, the intellectual. Three faculties are in the second class, 

 and one in the third, which Dr. S. puts in others j but he himself shifted some 

 occasionally, and the difference is insignificant; and Dr. S.'s invariable silence 

 as to this arrangement, while his own forms a conspicuous part of nearly all 

 his books, is a fact in complete harmony with the rest of his conduct. " I con- 

 ceive it possible to divide them" (the faculties), says Dr. S., "and to establish a 

 new classification ;" " and I established a new division of the mental operations." 

 (Phren. Amer. edit. vol. i. p. 129. sq.) In his first London edition, he most 

 innocently says, " I am now led to think that the objects which are still to be 

 added to our large work must assume a more scientific arrangement, and be 

 considered in a more philosophic manner than Dr. Gall has been accustomed to 

 do in his lectures." (p. vii.) Then follows his most trifling variety of BischofTs 

 arrangement, to which he no where alludes, though he proves his acquaintance 

 with the book in his notes to the Foreign Quarterly, p. 62. The following is Gall's 

 opinion of classification^: " Every one may arrange the moral qualities and in- 

 tellectual faculties according to his own views of them. They may be divided 

 into sentiments, propensities, talents, intellectual faculties; pride, for exam pie, 

 and vanity, would be sentiments ; the instinct of propagation, the love of off- 

 spi'ing, propensities ; music, mechanics, would be talents ; comparative sagacity 

 would belong to the intellectual faculties. But there is frequently embarrass- 

 ment in rigorously fixing the bounds of each division. The intellectual faculties 

 and talents, when their organs are very active, manifest themselves with desire, 

 propensity, and passion ; the sentiments and propensities have also their judg- 

 ment, their taste, their imagination, their memory and recollection. The 

 division into qualities and faculties common to man and brutes, and faculties 

 and qualities peculiar to man, is, I confess, of great value in a philosophic point 

 of view ; but," " when the most careful observer dares not decide where the 

 faculties of the brute cease, and those of man begin, this division cannot be con^ 

 sidered satisfactory. The best division, in my opinion, is into fundamental qua- 



E 1. c. 8vo. t. iii. p. 224. ; also, 4to. vol. Hi. p. 85. 



