THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 381 



to development, never produced much that is satisfactory in me- 

 taphysics. It was in fact derived from studying the organisation. 



faculty desires its gratification, and that its prospect of this, or hope, is regulated 

 by the degree of circumspection and of the intellectual faculties.* He of course 

 had only to place conscientiousness and hope in the spaces left vacant by Gall 

 among the moral sentiments. In regard to marvellousness, Gall had assigned 

 that part of the brain to the disposition to see visions ; but regarded these as 

 only an excess of activity of some fundamental power, and had often discussed 

 with Dr. S. the possibility of a faculty for wonder ; though he refrained from 

 publishing mere speculations. (1. c. 4to. t. Hi. p. xxiv., 8vo. vol. v. p. 345.) Then, 

 as to the organ of inhabitiveness, we must remember that Gall left the space va- 

 cant, and pointed out that animals inclined to inhabit high places had the part 

 immediately above it large ; that Gall taught the existence of a faculty inclining 

 to particular habitation, and placed that faculty in the region where Dr. Spurzheim 

 has fixed his organ of inhabitiveness. If Dr. S. is correct, he has cleared up what 

 Gall considered unsettled. But Dr. S. could not consider himself certain, as in 

 his last edition he begged phrenologists to make observations on the point ; and 

 the Edinburgh phrenologists actually give to that part the faculty of what they 

 call concentrativeness the faculty of " maintaining two or more powers in 

 simultaneous and combined activity, so that they may be directed towards one ob- 

 ject." (Dr. S. Phr.y Amer. ed. vol. i. p. 169.) They attempt to reconcile matters 

 by seeing no inconsistency in both views. To this Dr. S. cannot agree, and he 

 satirically says, that, with all possible deference to Mr. Combe's acuteness and 

 greater development of the organ of concentrativeness, he cannot believe the in- 

 clination to inhabit a particular spot, and the power of keeping two or more facul- 

 ties in simultaneous action, to be the same. The publication of such speculations, 



such deviations from rigid observation from true inductive philosophy it 



was that distressed Gall in both Dr. S. and some Edinburgh phrenologists. 



Dr. S. differed from Gall on certain points regarding the various faculties which 

 he admitted ; but I confess that, so far from improvements, I think that his 

 opinions in general are unsatisfactory or incorrect, and exhibit subtlety rather 

 than depth, and an immeasurably less powerful and philosophic mind than that 



* " Most authors confound the affections with the passions. By passion I 

 mean the highest degree of voluntary or involuntary activity of any fundamental 

 force. Every passion implies a particular organ ; but this organ produces the 

 passion of its function, only when at the maximum of its activity. It is different 

 with the affections. In the passions, the organs are active, exalted in their fun- 

 damental function ; in the affections, on the contrary, the organs are passive, 

 modified, seized in a particular manner, agreeable or disagreeable. Shame, fear, 

 anguish, sorrow, despair, jealousy, anger, joy, ecstasy, &c., are involuntary sens- 

 ations, passive seizures, either of our nervous system, of one organ, or of the 

 whole of the brain. There consequently can be no peculiar organ for joy, for 

 sorrow, for despair or discouragement, for hope, nor for any affection whatever." 

 (Gall, 1. c. 8vo. t. vi. p, 431. sq.) 



