THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 409 



" All experience is for it." And on another occasion said, " We 

 know that we are free, and there is an end on't." r 



Motives depend upon original organisation, sometimes modified 

 by physical influence, internal or external ; and upon external 

 moral influence upon our mental organs. 



The being who has the most faculties, the greatest equipoise 

 of his faculties, and the most knowledge, has the greatest range 

 of liberty. 5 If a person acts wickedly or absurdly from hearing 

 necessity advocated, it is because certain motives become extin- 

 guished in him and his range contracted. 1 It results that we should 

 educate, and give as many and as good motives as possible ; and, 

 when we punish, we should punish, not from presuming we have 

 a right to condemn, but for the purpose of giving additional mo- 

 tives to good conduct, where there has clearly not been enough 

 of them." As the strength of individual inclinations and the faci- 

 lity of yielding to them are greatly increased by habit, in order 

 that those of a lower class should not acquire undue force, nor 

 " Upstart passions catch the government 

 From reason, and to servitude reduce 

 Man, till then free," x 



the necessity for education to consist not of mere precepts and 

 sermons, but of good actions, is apparent. One good act may be 

 more improving than the precept read or heard twenty times. 



r 1. c. vol. ii. p. 74. 



* Voltaire, in the article referred to, makes J9., the person who is ignorant of 

 the subject, say, " Mon chien de chasse est aussi libre que moi; il a n^cessaire- 

 ment la volorit^ de courir quand il voit un lievre, et le pouvoir de courir s'il 

 n'a pas mal aux jambes. Je n'ai done rien au-dessus de mon chien : vous me 

 re"duisez a-l'^tat des betes. 



To which his better informed friend, A., replies, " Voila les pauvres sophismes 

 des pauvres sophistes qui vous ont instruit. Vous voilk bien malade d'etre libre 

 comme votre chien. Ne mangez-vous pas, ne propagez-vous pas comme lui, a 

 1'attitude pres ? Voudriez-vous avoir 1'odorat autrement que par le nez ? Pour- 

 quoi voudriez-vous avoir la liberte* autrement que votre chien ? 



JB. " Mais j'ai une ame qui raisonne beaucoup, et mon chien ne raisonne 

 gueres. II n'a presque que des ide~es simples ; et moi, j'ai mille ide"es meta- 

 physiques. 



A. Eh bien, vous etes mille fois plus libre que lui ; c'est-a-dire, vous avez mille 

 fois plus de pouvoir de penser que lui ; mais vous n'etes pas libre autrement 

 que lui." 



* See Bishop Butler's remarks on the mischief of the doctrine, Analogy, p. 1. 

 chap. vi. 



u Gall, 1. c. 4to, vol. ii. p. 100. ; 8vo. t. i. p. 289., t. vi, p. 438. 

 x Farad. Lost, xii. 



