4-12 MENTAL FUNCTIONS OF 



the fulness without. 51 Like many other phrenologists, and, in- 

 deed, like Gall himself, I have suffered from having yielded to 



a Gall divides men into six distinct classes in regard to the moral and intellec- 

 tual faculties : 



" In the first class, the qualities and faculties which are the most elevated and 

 are peculiar to man are completely developed, while the organs of the animal 

 qualities and faculties have but a feeble degree of development and activity. 



" In the second class, the organs of the animal faculties and qualities have at- 

 tained a high degree of activity, while the organs of the qualities and faculties 

 peculiar to man are but little developed and but little active. 



" In the third class, the qualities and faculties common to animals and those 

 peculiar to man have considerable development and activity. 



" In the fourth class only one or some of the inclinations or talents is de- 

 veloped in an extraordinary degree, while the rest have only a moderate develop- 

 ment and activity, and are perhaps below mediocrity. 



" In the fifth class, one or some of the organs are but little developed and re- 

 main inactive, while the others are more favourably developed and active. 



" Finally, in the sixth class, the organs common to animals and those peculiar 

 to man are almost equally moderate." 



" When the superior qualities and faculties more peculiar to the human species 

 much exceed the inferior, the man will prevail over the aninqal. The internal 

 movements and all the conduct of these men are conformable to reason, justice, 

 and morality. To judge equitably of the weaknesses of others, to generously 

 pardon offences, to tolerate with indulgence the errors of their minds, to act 

 with integrity, always to labour for the general good, sacrificing their own in- 

 terests, always to render homage to truth with a wise intrepidity, always to be 

 above ingratitude and persecution, always to ascend from effect to cause, and 

 thus always to shelter themselves from prejudice and superstition, &c. &c. this 

 is the natural tendency of these men, these models, these benefactors of our race. 



" The contrary is the case with those whose organs of the animal qualities and 

 faculties have a very considerable development and activity, while the organs of 

 the superior faculties have but little development and activity. In these, all is 

 subjected to sensuality and error. The animal impulses are numerous and 

 violent ; and defeat is the more to be apprehended in proportion as the superior 

 faculties and external aid are the weaker. If unhappily the prevailing inclin- 

 ations are of the number of those the excessive activity of which destroys social 

 order, will the philosophic judge be astonished at those men too frequently be- 

 coming the victims of their organisation ? 



" When the qualities and faculties common to animals and at the same time 

 those peculiar to man are equally active, men result who are placed between the 

 man and the brute. They are stimulated by the one and warned by the other : 

 often humiliated by the one and often exalted by the other ; great in vice and 

 great in virtue ; in many points, they are excellence and wisdom itself; in many 

 others, they are subject to the most deplorable weaknesses and vices. The most 

 opposite qualities frequently render them the most problematical beings : such as 



