THE ENCEPHALON. 42? 



same effects moreover do not occur in the same experiments upon 

 different species of animals. The observation of nature's own 

 mutilations in brutes which have little or no development of parts 

 that are large in others, or in man, is therefore preferable ; and 

 next to this comes the observation of morbid changes of different 

 parts, a subject, however, incapable of affording information till 

 the faculties had been ascertained by Gall. (See suprd, p.349.sqq.) 

 Still some results of mutilating the living brain appear generally 

 allowed, and are not at all in contradiction to phrenology. The ex- 

 periments of M. Fleurens are allowed by Gall to be very ingenious, 

 and sometimes satisfactory 1 "; and, with respect to injuring the 

 cerebellum, Gall remarks, " we must never forget that the same 

 part may have its general vital function and its particular animal 

 function. If it is true that the lesion of the tubercles in birds 

 always causes convulsions, it is not less true that the tuber- 

 cles are destined to vision ; and in the same way the cerebellum 

 (connected as it is with the medulla oblongata, &c.) may partici- 

 pate in the vital function of the medulla oblongata and spinalis, 

 may give rise to disturbed motion when injured, and yet have its 



bellum had been destroyed," by Dr. Magendie, " swam backwards, could swim 

 only backwards" (p. 69.) : and Dr. Magendie shows that it is requisite to neither 

 sensation nor motion ; for, when, after having robbed hedgehogs and guinea-pigs 

 of their cerebrum and cerebellum, he kindly held a bottle of refreshing vinegar 

 under their nostrils, they rubbed their little noses with their paws ! And he says 

 that he has over and over again seen animals performing very regular movements 

 after he had disburthened them of the whole of their cerebellum. (Precis, t. i. 

 p. 408.) In opposition to M. Fleurens, MM. Foville and Pinel Grand-Champs 

 ascribe to the cerebellum the function of sensation. 



M. Fleurens, after removing the cerebrum, declared all sensation and vo- 

 lition to be lost. M. Bouillaud found animals so deprived give signs of pain 

 and exert will in endeavouring to escape. (Dr. Magendie's Journal, t. x. p. 36. 

 sqq.) M. Fleurens infers that the lobes of the cerebrum concur as a whole in 

 their functions, and that, when one sense is lost, all are lost. But M. Bouil- 

 laud, on removing the anterior lobes, found that dogs, rabbits, pigeons, hens, 

 saw, smelt, and moved voluntarily; but were indifferent to familiar sounds, 

 persons, places, or things. In fact, he found Gall's assertion true, that, though 

 sensation was independent of the anterior part of the brain, the faculty called by 

 Gall sense of things (objects as wholes), and those of language, places, and per- 

 sons, were altogether dependent upon the anterior part. The result of M. Bouil- 

 laud's experiments made him a strenuous phrenologist. 



m 1. c. t, vi. p. 249. 



