534 TASTE. 



ments of the organ, in manducation, deglutition, speaking, &c.<i 

 But, like most others, he believes that the lingual branch of the 

 fifth pair is for taste ; and the glosso-pharyngeal, as well as hypo- 

 glossal, for motion. 



Professor Panizza has lately demonstrated that the lingual is 

 for common sensibility, and the glosso-pharyngeal for taste. 

 When the hypoglossal was divided by him in a dog or sheep, 

 the tongue instantly lost all motion. If milk was offered, the 

 animal hastily advanced and made the movements of lapping 

 with the head and lower jaw, but the tongue lay motionless 

 in the mouth, and the animal at last gave up all attempts to lap. 

 If soaked bread was offered, he took it into his mouth, and 

 attempted to masticate, but suddenly laid it down, scarcely 

 divided into two pieces, one of which he took up again, subdivided, 

 and treated in the same way, till the fragments were on the ground 

 and abandoned by him. If his tongue rolled out of his mouth, 

 it so remained, and was bitten till he howled again. The tongue 

 no more assisted in the process of deglutition than of mastication. 

 If solid food was placed on the tongue, and did not fall off into 

 the pharynx, between the tongue and the teeth, or out of the 

 mouth, by the motion of the head and lower jaw, it was found 

 there after many hours. If by these motions it tumbled into the 

 pharynx and was swallowed, deglutition was still imperfect, because 



q Besides the well-known ganglion petrosum of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, 

 Dr. Miillerof Berlin has discovered another ganglion on this nerve in the human 

 subject. He describes it as situated within the cavity of the cranium near the 

 jugular foramen, as being very inconsiderable in size (not more than a milli- 

 metre, ^j inch, in length), and as belonging, not to the whole root of the 

 nerve, but only to one of its fasciculi, which fasciculus, he adds, arises from the 

 same region of the chorda oblongata as the rest of the nerves. 



Dr. Mayer of Bonn has observed two small ganglia on the root of the glosso- 

 pharyngeal nerve of the ox. Each is placed on a separate fasciculus of the nerve 

 near to but within the place where it pierces the dura mater. 



Dr. Mayer has also discovered that the hypoglossal in the ox, dog, and pig 

 has a posterior as well as an anterior root. The posterior root, which is 

 very delicate, arisen from the posterior surface of the chorda oblongata, passes 

 over the accessory nerve (without, however, being connected with it) forms a 

 small ganglion, from which it emerges augmented in size, and joins the anterior 

 root. Dr. Mayer has once, but only once, observed this posterior root and its 

 ganglion in the human subject. Dr. Mu'ller could never discover it in man, but 

 has seen it distinctly in the ox. See Muller's Handbuch der Pkysiologie, p. 589., 

 and Dr. Mayer in the Acta Acad. Cces. Leap. Nat. Cur. vol. xvi. p. ii. 



