TASTE. 535 



the mass, when squeezed by the superior pharyngeal muscle, 

 partly returned into the mouth from the tongue being unable to 

 close the isthmus of the fauces and thus compel it to take alto- 

 gether a downward course. There was the same difficulty if fluid 

 was poured into the fauces. If the sheep took vegetable substances 

 between its teeth or lips, he could not draw them into his mouth, 

 and his bleat became hoarse and feeble. That the sensibility of 

 the tongue was unimpaired, was shown, if it was pricked near the 

 tip, or base, or at the centre, by the animal howling if he bit it, 

 by the eiforts, already mentioned, to dislodge a morsel placed 

 upon it, by his shaking his head with his mouth open to reinstate 

 it if in making the experiments it had been folded back, and by 

 his efforts to vomit, as well as by his expressions of pain, whenever 

 the tongue was pricked at the base. That taste continued, was 

 shown by the disgust expressed whenever a solution of colocynth, 

 which is neither acrid nor odorous, was placed upon the tongue. 

 When the two lingual branches of the fifth pair had been di- 

 vided, the animal licked, lapped, ate, and drank as before; and colo- 

 cynth placed upon its tongue carefully, so as to touch no other part, 

 instantly excited disgust ; so that motion and taste were unim- 

 paired, but the tongue might be burnt and wounded in all ways 

 without the animal expressing pain. 



If both the hypoglossal and lingual branches were divided, 

 motion and sensibility were lost, but taste still remained perfect. 



If the glosso-pharyngeal pair was divided, motion and sensibility 

 were unimpaired, but colocynth and any other nauseous sub- 

 stance that had no smell produced no disgust, and was swallowed 

 with the same avidity as the most agreeable, and the vessel which 

 contained it was licked out clean. A dog, in which the lingual 

 nerves only had been divided, and which was swallowing some 

 meat, swallowed hastily also a piece made bitter, but was seized 

 with vomiting and compelled to disgorge it as soon as it reached 

 the gullet : but the dog in which the glosso-pharyngeal had been 

 divided, ate up the very piece instantly, and gave no sign of 

 finding it disagreeable. Yet this same dog expressed great suffer- 

 ing if his tongue was pricked with a needle. 



If the hypoglossal was pinched immediately after death, the 

 tongue moved : but no such effect resulted from pinching the 

 lingual or glosso-pharyngeal nerve. The glosso-pharyngeal, 

 Professor Panizza observes, both in man and brutes, gives no 



