SECTION 14.] 



FRUIT. 



121 



case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or 

 stigma, or a scar from which this has fallen. It may retain the style and 

 use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378). . 



360. The fruit of Composite (though not of a single carpel) is also an 

 akene. In this case the pericarp is invested 

 by an adherent calyx-tube ; the limb of which, 

 when it has any, is called the PAPPUS. This 

 name was first given to the down like that of 

 the Thistle, but is applied to all forms under 

 which the limb of the calyx of the " compound 

 flower" appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 



384), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slendei 



beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 



361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbelli 

 ferae, consists as it were of a pair of akenes united com- 

 pletely in the blossom, but splitting apart when ripe 

 into the two closed carpels. Each of these is a Heri~ 

 carp or Hemicarp, names seldom used. 



362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with 

 a thin and bladdery loose pericarp; like that of the 

 Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 386). When ripe it may 

 burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may 

 open by a circular line all round, the upper part fall- 

 ing off like a lid ; as in the Amaranth (Tig. 387). 



363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akene with 

 the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so 



that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian 

 corn, and other kinds of gram,. 



364. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one. 



FIG. 379. Akene of Mayweed (uo pappus). 380. That of Succory (its pappus a 

 shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of 

 Sneezeweed (Helenium), with its pappus of five^cales. 383. Of Sow-Thistle, with 

 its pappus of delicate downy hairs. 384. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on 

 a long beak. 



FIG. 385. Fruit (cremocarp) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep- 

 arating at maturity from a slender axis or carpophoree. 



FIG. 386. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenopodium album). 



FIG. 387. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumscissile). 



