SECTION 1S.J SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor auy highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : 



SERIES I. PHANEROGAMIA : PHANEROGAMOUS OB. FLOWERING PLANTS. 



CLASS I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^J, called for shortness 



in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DICOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary. 



Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 



reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. POLYPETALJZ, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Uanunculacea to Cornacees. 

 Artificial Division II. GAMOPETAL^:, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceee to Plantaginacece. 

 Artificial Division III. APETAUE or INCOMPLETE, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctaginacea to Salicacece. 



CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^), in English GYM- 

 NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnetaceee, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Coniferte, and of Cycadacea. 



CLASS III. MOXOCOTYLEDONES, in English MONOCOTYLEDONS or 

 MOXOCOTYLS. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 



Division I. PETALOIDEE. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolliue. About 

 18 orders. 



Division II. CALYCIN^E. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncaceee, the true Rushes, and Palma, Palms. 

 Division HI SPADICIFLORE or NUDIFLOR.S:. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhacea and Aroideae the principal. 



Division IV. GLUMACE^;. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacea; and 

 Gramineee. 



SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMIA : CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS 

 CLASS L PTERIDOPHYTA, PTEBIDOPHYTES (484). 

 CLASS 1L BRYOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTES (498). 

 CLASP III. THALLOPHYTA, THALLOPHYTES (503). 



