PINE FAMILY. 477 



Cones maturing the second year, and the scales becoming thick and corky. 



1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3, or 5 in a cluster from the axil 



of dry bud scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the season lengthens. Sterile 

 catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the season ; each stamen answers to 

 a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly any filament. Cone woody, mostly 

 large, maturing in the autumn of the second year. Cotyledons of the embryo 

 several. (See Lessons, Figs. 56, 5T, 184, 185, 411-418.) 

 * Cones maturing the first year (except in ffo. 6), the scales remaining thin. 



+- Leaves persistent ; i.e., evergreen. 

 H- With cones pendulous or reflexed, their scales persistent. 



2. PICEA. Cones terminal. Sterile flowers mostly axillary (sometimes terminal), on 



branchlets of the preceding year. Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled, sessile, scat- 

 tered or spirally disposed. 



8. TSUGA. Cones on the ends of last year's branchlets. Sterile flowers in a sub-globose 

 cluster springing from the axils of last year's leaves. Leaves short, flat and whitened 

 beneath, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 



4. PSEUDOTSUGA. Cones large, the bracts more or less exserted and spreading or 



reflexed, causing the cones to appear fringed. Leaves flat, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 

 M- -H- With cones erect, the scales at length deciduous. 



5. ABIES. Cones on the upper side of spreading branches, the bracts mostly exserted. 



Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves. Leaves flat, whitened, and with 

 the midrib prominent beneath, sessile, scattered, but appearing 2-ranked on hori- 

 zontal branches. 



6. CEDRUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular, large, of very 



broad thin scales. +. +. Lea ves deciduous. 



7. LAEIX. Leaves all felling in autumn, soft, short-needle-shaped, in spring, developed 



very many in a dense cluster from axillary buds of the previous summer, those on 

 shoots of the season similar but scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent. 

 (Lessons, Figs. 184, 887.) 



II. CYPRESS SUBFAMILY. These have both kinds of 

 flowers in short, often globular, catkins of few scales ; the fer- 

 tile making a globular or ovate, small cone, which is often 

 fleshy when young, sometimes imitating a berry. The branches 

 appear and the shoots grow on without the intervention of 

 any scaly buds. Leaves often opposite or whorled, sometimes 

 scale-like and adnate to the branch. 



Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale, partly 

 cohering with its back. 



8. CETPTOMEBIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the bract and 



awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting. 



* Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them. 



+- Fruit a sort of cone, dry and hard when mature ; flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. 

 H- Leaves deciduous, thin and delicate, flat. 



9. TAXODITJM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches ; the sterile catkin spike- 



panicled, of few stamens ; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular, firmly closed 

 tin mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield-shaped scales, a pair of 

 erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk. 



H-** Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands. 

 10. SEQUOIA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several ovule*. 

 Cone woody ; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping, and bearing 8-6 

 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper par'', of their stalk-like b*se. 



