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appear first in the lower jaw, and proceed in the following order : — 

 From 5 to 8 months, the four central incisors; from 7 to 10, the 

 lateral incisors; from 12 to 16, the four anterior molars ; from 14 

 to 20, the four cuspidati ; and from 18 to 36 months, the four pos- 

 terior molars. 



The purposes of prehension are accomplished by sensitive fleshy 

 lips, as in herbivorous quadrupeds, by a long, flexible tongue, as in 

 the giraffe and ant-eaters, and by other organs such as the proboscis 

 of the elephant. The salivary glands are largest in herbivorous 

 quadrupeds, less in the carnivora, and least in the aquatic mamma- 

 lia. The sublingual glands are wanting in cats. The velum palati 

 is large, but the uvula is confined to the quadrumana. The os 

 hyoides, is most developed in the herbivorous quadrupeds, and has 

 been shown by Geoffroy to consist of twelve elements, a glosso and 

 basi-hyal piece for the body, an apo a cerato, and a styl-hyal ele- 

 ment tor each of the anterior corn u a, and an ento and uro-hyal for 

 each of the smaller posterior cornua. This condition is sometimes 

 found as an abnormal state in man. The oesophagus is wide and 

 dilatable in the carnivora, and narrow and fleshy in the herbivora. 

 The arrangement of its muscular fibres is the same as in man ; and 

 its mucous tunic, wh'ich usually forms longitudinal and but rarely 

 transverse folds, is lined with cuticle, which in the carnivora termi- 

 nates at the cardiac orifice in a fringed margin, but lines half the 

 stomach of the horse, the rat, the hog, and some others of the pecora, 

 and in the ruminantia it lines the three first cavities of the stomach. 

 The oesophagus of the ornithorynchus hystrix is furnished with a 

 peculiar valve at its commencement, and numerous papillse at its 

 termination, directed upwards, and its cuticular lining is continued 

 through the stomach. 



The animal nature of the food of the carnivora bespeaks a short 

 and simple form of alimentary canal. In some, as the lion and the 

 cat, the stomach is elongated in form, and its orifices remote from 

 each other, this is particularly the case in the lynx; in others, as 

 the racoon, it is nearly globular, and in all, with the exception of 

 the seal, its interior is smooth, and almost without villi. The 

 monotremata, cheiroptera, insectivora, and marsupialia, also present 

 a simple stomach, a coecal portion being but little developed. 

 When, however, the food is of a more mixed character, the stomach 

 becomes more elongated transversely, as in the quadrumana and 

 others of the less carnivorous tribes. In most of the rodentia the 

 thin cardiac portion forms a distinct coecum, and is separated by a 

 constriction from the pyloric muscular portion. Several of the 

 pachydermata, marsupialia, edentata, and quadrumana, form a link 

 of transition to the more complex stomachs of the cetacea and 

 ruminantia in the formation of folds or coeca with cuticular linings. 

 Thy intestinal canal is very short in these animals, the whole tract 

 not exceeding three times the length of the body in the lion and 

 wild cat. In the badger there is scarcely any distinction between 

 small and large intestine: but in the lion, seal, and others, it is well 



