— li- 

 ef 2,040 calories is demanded, while for an adiüt in füll health the fuel 

 value must be increased to 3,520 calories. 



A man at hard work naturally requires the maximum amount of food, 

 whicli, on an average, must represent a fuel value of 5,700 calories. 



Nos. 14 and 15 are not really dietary Standards, but, as stated, are the 

 average of the respective number of dietaries mentioned, and are in- 

 serted in the table for comparison only. In the case of children, Nos. 



1, 2, and 3, it will be seen that the protein or nitrogenous part and the 

 carbohydrates of the food increase very rapidly with the age, while the 

 fat does not vary materially between the ages of 2 and 15. Very 

 few people realize "how much protein is needed by the very young child, 

 and great errors in diet are made even by those who give the most care- 

 ful thought to the proper training and feeding of the young. When 

 the diet of an Infant of' 10 to 12 months old is changed from one of 

 strictly milk, the child is generally given for the next four to ten 

 months a diet composed mostly of starch (mush, potato, bread, rice, 

 sago, etc.), with of course some milk ; whereas, it not only needs nitroge- 

 nous matter, but is better prepared to digest it. It may be said right 

 here, as no further reference will be made to the subject, that soup does 

 not furnish the needed protein, but that some egg and meat or the juice 

 of rare beef with plenty of milk, combined with the cereals used, would 

 more nearly approach the Standard. 



The subsistence dietary, No. 13, amounts to very little more than No. 



2, that of a child between 2 and 6 years old ; the protein or nitroge- 

 nous matter being identical in both cases. 



The figures just given in the table represent the amounts of the 

 nutrients actually contained in the different dietaries, but do not give 

 any indication of the total bulk of the food eaten. 



In cattle feeding there has to be a certain bulk of dry matter so Üiat 

 the animal may feel satisfied and the digestive processes go on in a 

 normal manner. With man also, for the same reasons, a certain bulk 

 is necessary. Bread, potatoes, vegetables, and similar foods take the 

 place of the coarse fodders in the cattle foods. 



The question of rations for cattle is a much simpler one in many 

 respects than for man, for in the latter case there are many circum- 

 stances which militate against the getting of reliable data on the subject. 



Dr. Rubner states that a diet of bread and water is more endurable 

 than one of fish, eggs, meat, or any other single article of diet. In an 

 experiment with a Bavarian, a diet of bread and water was fed for three 

 days. About 2.5 pouiids of bread were consumed per day. 



In another experiment with a medical student in Munich, beefsteak, 

 exceedingly well cooked, was used as the diet, but the quantity eaten 

 was less than two pounds daily. The meat, although so well served, 

 became very distasteful even on the second day. 



Division and Composition of Foods. — The human foods are divided 

 into two main classes — the animal and vegetable. The animal contains 

 chiefly, with reference to nutrients, albuminoids with more or less of 

 fat, and are generally designated as nitrogenous foods, while the greater 

 part of the nutriment in vegetable foods is carbohydrates or starchy 

 materials. The exceptions to this are the peas and beans, whose com- 

 position includes about 25 per cent of albuminoids, and hence they 

 should be classed as nitrogenous foods. 



