— 10 — 



Dietary Standards. — Rubner, and others, also found that the fats and 

 carbohydrates could replace each other in any dietary in the proportions 

 of 1 of fat to 2.25 of the starchy material, without altering the food 

 value of the diet or ration. This being the case, we readily see why, if 

 we know the protein or nitrogenous Contents of the dietary and the fuel 

 value in calories, we greatly simplify the calculation, and at the same 

 time the detailed composition of the dietary. 



We must, however, know the amount of protein or albuminoids that 

 is required, as the fuel value of a dietary affords no indication of the 

 Contents of this valuable and necessary element of our food. But, know- 

 ing this and the fuel value, we can choose from a number of foods 

 dietaries which will be at the same time both nutritious and to our 

 taste. In Table I are given some of the dietary Standards worked out 

 by Voit, Playfair, and Atwater. It must not be supposed that they are 

 absolute, quite the contrary, but they are the results of researches up to 

 the present time, and, as stated by Professor Atwater, more investiga- 

 tions in this all-important question are urgently called for. 



TABLE I. 

 Dietary Standards. 



Protein. 



Lbs. 



Ozs. 



Fat. 



Lbs. 



Ozs. 



Carbohydrates. 



Lbs. 



Ozs. 



Fuel 

 Value 

 (Calo- 

 ries). 



Nutri- 

 tive 

 Ratio. 



1. Children, 1-2 years (average) 



2. Children, 2-6 years (average) 



3. Children, 6-15 years (average) ... 



4. Adult in füll health — Playfair... 



5. Active lahorers — Play fair 



6. Man at moderate work — Voit 



7. !Man at hard work^Voit 



8. Man with little physical exercise 



— Atwater 



9. Man with light muscular work— 



Atwater 



10. Man with moderate work — At- 



water 



11. Man with active work — Atwater. 

 IMan with hard work — Atwater.. 



Subsistence diet— Playfair. 



Average of 7 dietaries of profes- 

 sional men, Eurojie 



Average of 5 dietaries of profes- 

 sional men, United States. 



12, 

 LS. 

 14, 



15, 



.06 

 .13 

 .16 

 .26 

 .34 

 .26 

 .32 



.20 



.22 



.28 

 .33 

 .39 

 .13 



.25 



.27 



1.00 

 2.00 

 2.61 

 4.16 

 5.44 

 4.16 

 5.12 



3.20 



3.52 



4.48 

 5.28 

 6.24 

 2.00 



4.00 



4.32 



.08 

 .09 

 .10 

 .11 

 .16 

 .12 

 .22 



.20 



.22 



.28 

 .33 

 .55 

 .03 



.22 



.34 



1.31 

 1.41 

 1.52 

 1.71 

 2.56 

 1.92 

 3.52 



3.20 



3.52 



4.48, 



5.28 



8.80 



.50 



3.52 



5.44 



.16 



.44 



.71 



L17 



1.25 



1.10 



.99 



.66 



.77 



.99 

 LIO 

 1.43 



.75 



.63 

 1.08 



2.61 

 7.05 

 11.46 

 18.72 

 20.00 

 17.60 

 15.84 



10.56 



12.32 2,800 



15.84 

 17.60 

 18.88 

 12.02 



10.08 



17.28 



765 

 1,420 

 2,040 

 3,140 

 3,630 

 3,055 

 3,370 



2,450 



3,520 

 4,060 

 5,700 

 1.760 



2,670 



3,925 



5.6 

 5.0 

 5.2 

 5.5 

 4.7 

 5.3 

 4.7 



5.5 



5.7 



5.8 

 5,6 

 6.9 

 6.3 



4.7 



6.6 



An inspection of the table shows, first, that, naturally, the more 

 physical work a man does the larger amounts of food he rei][uires; and 

 secondly, that the American workman consumes more food than eithor tlie 

 English or (lerman laborer. Tliis is best seen by comparing dietaries 

 Nos. 5, 7, and 12. Similarly, from the limited data a( liand it is noted 

 by examining Nos. 14 aiid 15 tliat the professional men of iMiropr do 

 not eat as mucli as their American brethren. 



On comparing the fuel value of the several dietaries in tliis table we 

 find tliat a child of from 1 to 2 years of age requircs the miiiimum of 

 705 calories. W'licii it is from 2 to (5 years old, the food must have 

 nearly twice tlie fuel value, or 1,-120 calories; tli<Mic(> up to 15 years food 



