514 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 



quantities must sometimes be given, while in low fevers one-half th« 

 usual quantity may produce evil, and sometimes prove fatal. 



As a rule, anod}Ties, narcotics, sedatives, stimulants and anti-spasmodios 

 ma}' be repeated once in four hours until the required effect is produced. 



Twice daily ma}'^ be given as the rule for alteratives, refrigerants, tonics, 

 diaphoretics and febrifuges. 



Emetics should be repeated every five or ten minutes and their action 

 induced by opening the mouth and irritating the throat with a feather. 

 If the animal will drink, give large draughts of slightly warm water. 

 Emetics are not given to horses. 



Purgatives should not be given the second time until the first has had 

 full time to operate. In the horse not before 36 hours ; cattle and sheep 

 12 to 15 hours ; swine in 7 to 10 hours. 



Draughts of tepid water, or warm gruel assist the operation of purgatives. 



A ball is not to be made round, but longer than it is wide and not 

 larger than a walnut for horse or ox. It must be small enough so an 

 animal may swallow it easily. Balls are made of drugs in powders mixed 

 into a semi-solid state with honey or molasses and linseed meal, and cov- 

 ered with oiled tissue paper. 



Drenches (liquid medicines) are made as infusions, with warm or cold 

 water, or as decoctions with boiling water. Powdered substances not 

 solvent in water are mixed with thick gruel or mucilage. 



A ball is best given with the aid of a balling iron. This has been pre- 

 viously described. Put the iron between the front of the jaws, and place 

 the ball well back on the tongue with the hand. Hold the head well up 

 until swallowed. This may be aided by stroking the throat next the jaws. 



Liquids are given from a horn or thick quart bottle with a pretty long 

 neck, such as a champagne bottle. No liquid or irritating medicine should 

 be given until sufficiently diluted with water so that it will not injure the 

 mouth if held therein some minutes. 



Oil of turpentine, croton oil, and other strong irritating substances 

 that will not mix with water, should be mixed with palm or olive oil, 

 milk beaten with eggs, or it may be given in mucilage as the case may 

 require. 



PoM-erful agents, that do not irritate, act promptly injected under the 

 skin with a hypodermic s^nringe. A surgeon's advice should be used in 

 administering them. 



Injections are given with a horse sjringe. There are patent injectors 

 that pump in the liquid continuously. "We have described an implement 

 that works well, by gra\'ity, and is easily made. Small syringes are used 

 for injecting abscesses. Also the hypodermic syringe for injecting under 

 the skin. 



