BONES. 3 r 



vertebrc-e. Both kinds have pieces of cartilage attached to their lower ends. 

 The true ribs are connected by their respective cartilages with the breast 

 bone ; but the false ones are only indirectly connected to it, the cartilage 

 of the first false rib resting on that of the last true one, that of the second 

 false rib on the first false one, and so on. 



The fore limb consists of the shoulder blade, humerus, bones of the fore- 

 arm, bones of the knee, cannon-bone, splint bones, long pastern bone, 

 short pastern bone, pedal (or coffin) bone, two small bones at the back of 

 the fetlock, and the navicular bone, which lies at the back of the joint formed 

 by the small pastern bone and the pedal bone. 



The shoulder blade (or scapula) is a broad, thin bone, which is flat on its 

 inside surface and has a narrow ridge of bone (the spine of the scapula) on 

 its outer surface. This spine serves as a partition to divide the muscles 

 which extend the shoulder joint from those that flex it. 



There are two bones of the forearm, namely, the radius, which makes a 

 joint with the humerus and with the bones of the knee ; and the ulna, which 

 is united to the back and upper part of the radius, above which it projects. 

 The free part of the ulna is called the olecranon, the top of which is termed 

 the point of the elbow. 



There are two rows of bones of the knee, at the back of which a bone (the 

 trapezium) is placed. It is curved inwards so as to form a groove for the 

 passage of the back tendons of the fore leg. 



The two splint bones are placed at the back of the cannon-bone, one on the 

 outside, the other on the inside. They form a groove in which lies the 

 upper portion of the suspensory ligament. 



There is a joint between the cannon-bone and the long pastern bone, 

 between the two pastern bones, and between the sJiort pastern bone and the 

 pedal (or coffin) bone. The navicular bone articulates with both the short 

 pastern bone and the pedal bone. It and the two bones behind the fetlock 

 (the sesamoid bones) serve as pulleys for one of the back tendons. 



The pedal bone is surrounded by a membrane, which secretes the horn 

 of the wall of the hoof, sole and frog, in somewhat the same manner as the 

 skin which covers the bones of the head, secretes the hair of that part. 



The pelvis, which rests on, and is firmly attached to, the sacrum, appears 

 as a single bone in the adult animal, although it really consists of two halves, 

 which we may regard as the respective shoulder blades of the hind quarters. 

 Each half furnishes a socket for the head of its respective thigh bone. The 

 point of the hip, on either side, is the front and outer corner of the pelvis. 

 The two inner corners of the pelvis are firmly connected with the sacrum. 



