33 



custom. If translated into a modern language, it is desirable that they should pre- 

 serve as great a resemblance as possible to the original latin names. 



Art. 8. Nomenclature comprises two categories of names: 1. Names, or 

 rather terms, which express the nature of the groups comprehended one within the 

 other. 2. Names peculiar to each of the groups of plants that observation has 

 made known. 



Art. 9. The rules and recommendations of botanical nomenclature apply to 

 all classes of the plant kingdom, recent and fossil, with exceptions which are 

 expressly specified. 



Chapter II. On the manner of designating the nature and the subordination 

 of the groups which constitute the plant kingdom. 



Art. 10. Every individual plant belongs to a species (species), every species 

 to a genus (genus), every genus to a family (famtlia), every family to an order (or do), 

 every order to a class (classis), every class to a division (divisio). 



Art. 11. In many species we distinguish varieties (varietas) and forms (forma), 

 in the case of parasites special forms (forma specialis); and in some cultivated 

 species, modifications still more numerous; in many genera sections (sectio), in many 

 families tribes (tribus). 



Art. 12. Finally if circumstances require us to distinguish a greater number 

 of intermediate groups, it is easy, by putting the syllable suh before the name of a 

 group, to form subdivisions of that group. In this way subfamily (subfamilia) de- 

 signates a group between a family and a tribe, subtribe (subtribus) a group between 

 a tribe and a genus, etc. The arrangement of subordinate groups may thus be 

 carried, for wild plants only, to twenty-two degrees, in the following order: Regnum 

 vegetabile. Divisio. Subdivisio. Classis. Subclassis. Ordo, Subordo. Familia. Sub- 

 familia. Tribus. Subtribus. Genus. Subgenus. Sectio. Subsectio. Species. Sub- 

 species. Varietas. Subvarietas. Forma. Forma specialis. Individuum. 



If this list of groups is insufficient it can be augmented by the intercalation 

 of supplementary groups, so long as these do not introduce confusion or error. 



Example: Series and Suhseries are groups which can be intercalated between subsection 

 and species. 



Art. 13. The definition of each of these names of groups varies, up to a 

 certain point, according to individual opinion and the state of the science, but their 

 relative order, sanctioned by custom must not be altered. No classification is ad- 

 missible which contains such alterations. 



Examples of inadmissible alterations are, — a form divided into varieties, a species containing 

 genera, a genus containing families or tribes. 



Art. 14. The fertilization of one species by another gives rise to a hybrid 

 (hybrida); that of a modification or subdivision of a species by another modification 

 of the same species gives rise to a half-breed (mistus, mule of florists). 



5 



