218 Dr. N. SeveitzotF on the Mammals of Turkestan. 



chords of the horns are ahnost parallel, and form with the 

 other chords the following- angles — the basal chord 45°, the 

 terminal chord 52° ; and the median chord is parallel with the 

 axis of the sknll. The inner side of the horn would fit on an 

 inserted cone with the point towards the outside, slightly in- 

 clining forwards and downwards. The sulcations on the horns 

 are meandering but parallel and pretty regular ; the hom 

 with advanced age does not project much forward over the 

 forehead, but only becomes rather rounder in accordance with 

 the horn-core. The facial portions of the frontals are rounded ; 

 anteriorly they present three forward projecting processes, the 

 centre of which is wide and forms half the anterior rim of the 

 orbit, pointing towards and fitting in between the nasal and 

 lachrymal bones. 



The length of the forehead is a little less than its width 

 measured between the orbits. The nasals are very wide at 

 their base, and at about half their length get half as narrow ; 

 after that their sides run parallel to each other almost down to 

 their ends, where the bones form a sharp angle; the profile of 

 the snout is gibbous. 



The lachrymal forms the anterior rim of the orbit, and ex- 

 tends almost over its entire floor ; the lower rim of the orbit, 

 however, is formed by the malar. 



The malar is considerably smaller than the lachrymal, and 

 forms a rounded process projecting forward in the maxilla, 

 which on its part sends upwards a small process fitting in 

 between the lachrymal and the malar; the latter bone is 

 rather thin. 



In adult specimens the maxillary is separated from the 

 nasals by a small bone, which in time, however, ankyloses 

 with the nasals. In young animals this little bone separates 

 only the anterior part of the maxillary, whilst the other end arti- 

 culates with the nasals and also with the pra?maxill«. When 

 the animal gets older the occipital ridge rises and becomes 

 larger, the forehead gets wider by the outward extension 

 of the orbits, and consequently also the lachrymal grows in 

 proportion. The maxillaries get rather higher between the 

 grinding-teeth and the nasals, which latter become more 

 convex. 



These alterations take place in all species ; and being 

 dependent upon the development of the horns, this process 

 continues until extreme age, not stopping at the time when 

 the animal becomes adult. Almost all the different bones 

 of the skull ankylose in the above mentioned-manner, and, 

 although late, always simultaneously. 



The mane, which extends all round the neck, is short, and 



