ploughed in late summer the year previous. Immediately after ploughing the land 

 should be rolled, disc harrowed and worked down to insure rotting of the sod. Short 

 manure or rotted manure should be applied during the fall or winter and worked in 

 on the surface preparatory to growing roots or corn next year. This rotation does not 

 allow for the production of timothy hay, but provides a very large supply of clover 

 hay suitable for most live stock, and is certain to give large grain crops, both after corn 

 and after the clover. The crop coming after clover is likely to be somewhat heavier in 

 the straw, but on a stock farm (the kind of farm for which such a rotation is fitted) an 

 extra amount of straw is always valuable. This rotation, since it allows for growing 

 grain on two-fifths of the whole area, may recommend itself to such farmers as desire 

 to grow all the grain feed they require on the farms. 



Rotation "E" is similar to rotation "D." It, however, allows for the production 

 of some timothy hay. It is as follows: — 



First year — hoed crop. Second year — grain, seeded down 10 lbs. red clover, 2 lbs. 

 alsike and 12 lbs. timothy per acre. Third year — clover hay or pasture. Fourth 

 year — timothy hay or pasture, the land under timothy hay or in pasture to be ploughed 

 in August with a shallow furrow, rolled, disced and harrowed to insure breaking down or 

 rotting of the sod, and harrowed at intervals during the fall to destroy weeds and get 

 the soil into good working condition. In early October this land should be ploughed 

 again with slightly deeper furrow, or else ridged up with a double mouldboard plough 

 and left for the winter. 



Fifth year — grain, seeded down 10 to 12 lbs. red clover per acre. This clover is 

 allowed to grow all fall, manure applied during the winter and the whole mass of clover 

 and manure turned down in May for corn or roots. This rotation, while not yielding 

 quite as large a proportion of forage as rotation "B" or "C," has the advantage of allow- 

 ing the farmer to grow more grain, and so providing for almost all his feeds on the 

 home farm. It is a rotation that can be safely recommended to any farmer interested 

 in dairying or beef production in eastern Canada. 



Rotation "F" is of six years' duration, and might be of various forms. The form 

 given above: — 



First year — hoed crop; second year — grain; third year — grain: fourth )^ear — hay; 

 fifth year — hay or pasture; sixth year — pasture, is probably not the best arrangement of 

 crops, but it is the rotation most commonly followed in many parts of Canada. It has 

 the disadvantage of trying to grow two grain crops in succession. Were it modified to 

 read: First year — hoed crop; second year — grain; third year — hay; fourth year — hay; 

 fifth year — pasture; sixth year — grain, it would be likely co prove more satisfactory, 

 both as a rotation for producing large quantities of forage and as a rotation for keeping 

 the farm in good condition. 



Some Reasons for Adoption of a Rotation 



Any one of these rotations carefully followed and the cultural operations con- 

 nected therewith performed at the right time and in the right way would be sure to 

 increase tremendously the crop production of any given farm, and at the same time 

 increase but slightly, if at all, the cost of production. In addition to the increased 

 returns and lower cost of production per unit of crop, the following advantages might 

 be anticipated from the introduction of a rotation into the farming operations of the 

 average eastern Canada farmer: — 



1. The cost of fencing on farms where live stock are kept would be materially 

 reduced, since it would be necessary to fence off only three, four or five fields instead of 

 fifteen or twenty as is very commonly the case. Farmers of course do not always fence 

 off each small field, still, where fields are not fenced, the disadvantage of being unable 

 to pasture any given area when conditions were such as to invite such treatment, and 

 the trouble of driving cattle across unfenced fields to reach other fields, would more than 



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