during the summer, in order to destroy weeds and to keep the upper part of the soil 

 pulverised, to keep the moisture in the soil. Six or, at the least, four weeks before the 

 time of sowing, which takes place in the first days of September, the field is ploughed 

 shallow or cultivated or disced. 



The use of the modern ploughs (especially of German types Sack, or Eckert), discs, 

 drills, harvesting machines, binders, horse rakes, etc., is very common at every middle 

 sized or large farm, and the stores of Zemstvos (self-governing organs of the provinces 

 or districts) and the co-operative stores are rapidly introducing modern implements 

 among the peasants. 



Organization of Grain Elevators and other Grain Storehouses 



In Russia there is a network of grain elevators organized in many internal govern- 

 ments by the State Bank. We shall give below the description of these elevators. 

 In addition to this network, the Ministry of Trade and Industry raised the question 

 of systematic creation of elevators in seaports. The preliminary programme of the 

 Minister of Trade was approved by the State Duma in the sessions of 1912 and 1913. 



Below is data relative to the grain export trade of Russian ports and their need of 

 grain elevators, according to the project of the Ministry of Trade and Industry. 



Archangel — The average annual trade in grain being estimated at 125,000 tons, 

 the project admitted the desirability of having at this place four floating elevators. 

 At this time there is only one private floating elevator. The local Board of the Port 

 expressed the necessity of one permanent elevator with a capacity of 17,000 tons. 



Petrograd — The normal export of grain here is 900,000 tons, 350,000 tons of this 

 arriving by railways and the remainder by waterways. In addition to the existing 

 warehouses, a necessity was admitted for at least one elevator with a capacity of 35,000 

 tons 



Revel — Many of the private warehouses at this place are quite distant from the 

 line of landing of the vessels, and it was admitted to be urgently necessary to have here 

 an elevator with a capacity of 17,000 tons and, later, another of the same capacity, after 

 the completion of the Moscow-Revel Railway. 



Riga — It was proposed to build an elevator of 20,000 tons capacity and later 

 another of 17,000 tons capacity. 



Windava — At the normal export of 230,000 tons per year, it was admitted desir- 

 able to build here an elevator with a capacity of 17,000 tons. 



Libau — The private grain dealers solicited in 1913 for an elevator of 70,000 tons 

 capacity. 



Odessa — Normal trade, 1,500,000 tons yearly. Projected an elevator with a 

 capacity of 70,000 tons and well equipped warehouses with a capacity of 60,000 tons, 

 and, later, another elevator of 70,000 tons capacity. 



Nicolaiev — The normal trade is estimated at 1,750,000 tons, more than 1,000,000 

 tons of which needs storage. Estimating that an elevator will be filled six times 

 during the season, the capacity of the necessary storage houses must be 185,000 tons. 

 In addition to the existing elevator of 35,000 tons, it is necessary to have well equipped 

 storage space for 150,000 tons. The Southern Railway Company planned to enlarge 

 its existing elevator by the erection of a third building of a capacity of 25,000 tons. 



Cherson — It is admitted desirable to build here an elevator of 50,000 tons and 

 well equipped warehouses. • 



Eupatoria needs an elevator of 25,000 tons. 



Theodosia needs an elevator with a capacity of 35,000 tons and well equipped 

 warehouses for 17,000 tons. 



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