METHOD 93 



thinning, raises better and more timber, than the Selection forest; 

 and it gives better utilization of site during the period of reproduc- 

 tion than does the Clear Cutting system, where the land is not 

 properly utilized for a period of several years. 



Disadvantages: Danger from blowdown of last part of old 

 stand More costly logging, danger of costly delays when seeding 

 fails ; expensive artificial reproduction, where much is done to 

 correct failures ; with intolerant species is added great loss of repro- 

 duction for lack of light, or else a cover of the land by weeds and 

 brambles. 



Applicability: It is claimed by its advocates to apply to prac- 

 tically all species. In actual practice in Germany it is generally a 

 failure and has been abandoned except in Beech and Balsam. From 

 this it is safe to say that it can well be employed in tolerant hard- 

 woods and conifers. Spruce often fails by this method in pure 

 forest, but works well if mixed with hardwoods. 



In Use: An old method developed in Beech forests. Today 

 in use chiefly in Beech and Balsam, very little in Spruce, Pine and 

 Oak. About 12% of all German Forests is Beech timber forest, and 

 about 2% is Balsam, and these 14% are practically all handled under 

 this system. Both of these trees require shelter in the first few 

 years. In United States practically unknown, and certainly never in 

 regular practice. Well suited to mixed hardwoods and hardwoods 

 with Spruce and Hemlock. Spruce alone cannot stand this method 

 on account of blow down, unless the stand is reproduced, very 

 slowly, and is not in exposed positions. 



3. Clear Cutting with Natural Reproduction. 



Pairt of Lorey's "Kahlschlagbetrieb" and of Gayers "Saum- 

 schlagbetrieb." Including the "Seed Tree" methods introduced 

 in United States. 



Composition: Practically always pure forest, with a little of 

 other species "blown in" accidentally. 



Age of Stand : Generally even aged ; depending on success of 

 seeding. 



Rotation : A definite period ; but timber must be old enough to 

 seed abundantlv. 



