96 FOREST REGULATION 



times with good transplants. Produces largest return per acre in 

 volume, quality and therefore in income, allows best care in thinning 

 by a proper spacing at the start. 



Disadvantages : Leaves the land without a cover for several 

 years (while trees small) and exposed to sun and wind. This is 

 of little consequence on all better lands, as the cover, when once 

 established, stays for sixty and more years. 



The cost, even though not large, is not justified in very cold, 

 rough mountain lands, remote and unprofitable under any condition ; 

 but is justified under any ordinary conditions such as exist today in 

 nearly all parts of eastern United States and Europe. It leads to 

 pure forest. This claim is not necessarily true, but in practice this 

 condition has been established. How far this is injurious we are 

 not certain as yet, except that large areas of one species suffer 

 greatly when insect calamities arise. 



Applicability: German experience indicates that Pine, Spruce, 

 Larch, Red Fir and Oak are best raised by this method ; Beech and 

 Balsam do not thrive without shelter while young and are not raised 

 on clear cut areas. Generally it is safe to say that this method 

 succeeds with all but a few sensitive species which require protection 

 in the first few years. 



In actual Use : This method has displaced all others from a 

 large portion of the German, Swiss, etc., forests. It has proven 

 simplest, safest and most profitable and all effort and preaching to 

 induce the forester to return to a mixed forest with natural repro- 

 duction has not had any appreciable effect. 



In United States this method has been started and is rapidly 

 making progress, East and West alike. It is the only hope for at 

 least one-half of our cut- and burned-over lands in the Great Lakes 

 Region, Pennsylvania and the South. 



These four fundamental methods of the regular "timber forest" 

 have been and are modified a great deal in ordinary practice. In 

 the Selection Forest artificial reproduction is often employed ; the 

 same is true of the Shelterwood and regularly in the method of 

 Seeding from the Side. The Shelterwood Method, as stated, may 

 drag out the process of reproduction over forty and more years and 

 approach the Selection Method ; or it may cut everything in two 



