98 FOREST REGULATION 



Applicable : On good land, mild climate, with home or local 

 market for small stuff of hardwoods. 



In Use: In about 7% of all German Forests; only i% of all 

 state forests in Germany ; extensively used in France and the 

 Mediterranean countries. In United States woodlots ; formerly, in 

 Maryland, Pennsylvania, etc., in regular way for iron works, now 

 largely abandoned. The large forests of United States and North 

 Europe are generally conifers, on rather poor lands and little suited 

 to coppice. 



6. The Standard Coppice. 



"Mittlewald" of the Germans. 



Composition : Pure or mixed ; the Coppice is of hardwoods, 

 and usually also the "standards", but this is not necessarily so. 



Age of any Stand : Coppice is even aged. 



The Standards vary in age by multiples of the rotation of the 

 Coppice. If the rotation of the Coppice is twenty years, and the 

 Coppice growth on any one acre is fifteen years old, then the 

 Standards are : 



15 years, 35 years, 55 years, 75 years, etc., old. 

 This regularity in actual practice rarely exists. 



Rotation: Coppice with short rotation, 15-30. 



Standards with long rotation, 60-200. 



Reproduction : Coppice, and artificial, usually planting of large 

 plants for standards. 



Results: An uneven stand, often resembling, in practice, a 

 wild woods, old and young stuff on every acre. Raises cheap cop- 

 pice stuff as well as large, but usually limby timber. 



Advantages: Like Coppice, except that large stuff is also 

 produced. 



Disadvantages: All those of Coppice, except that it produces 

 also larger stuff, but. in addition, is very complex and difficult to 

 handle. Little control, little order, a regular "gardener's'' job. 



In Use: Formerly much used in all good hardwood districts 

 of Germany and France. Rapidly giving way to simpler methods, 

 usually Shelterwood. 



