110 FOREST REGULATION 



States pulpwood may soon call for special forests with a practice 

 and Rotation calculated to produce largest volume of well cleaned 

 material. A sixty, year Rotation for planted Spruce is indicated in 

 the Northeast. With exhaustion of cheap cooperage and veneer 

 material and with increase of cheap power by stream development, 

 pulp board will increase in importance and be able to utilize cheap 

 woods and refuse-materials in large quantities. 



c. Railway ties, telephone poles, piling, wagon stock, and other 

 similar timber requiring sizes over 10" d. b. h. compete with saw 

 timber for stumpage except that species like Cypress, Cedar, Hard- 

 woods can be used, not commonly desired for lumber in these 

 smaller sizes. Generally io"d. b. h. inside bark is the lower limit 

 and whatever time is required to produce this size will remain the 

 minimum rotation for this important class of materials. The fact 

 that rough, limby and crooked material can be used here will affect 

 the rotation but little, for an adequate yield per acre demands a fair 

 cover of trees in which light is fully utilized and growth therefore 

 slower than seen in shade trees and park stands. -Ties cut in the 

 United States today vary widely in age. For Lodgepole over 150 

 years; same for White Cedar (Michigan, etc.) ; over sixty years for 

 Oak, only 30-40 for Loblolly. 



d. Ordinary Saw timber prefers conifers to hardwoods, at 

 present in ratio of three to one ; demands fairly clean and straight 

 material, prefers even grained and slow grown stuff and does not 

 go below 10" d. b. h. inside bark. The few special cases (box boards 

 with us to. 8") do not alter this materially. Europe has probably 

 reached the smallest practicable limit in its present market demands. 

 Smaller sizes mean increased waste in sawing, poorer product, arid 

 they also mean waste in the forest by taking stuff at a period of 

 rapid growth. 



If this is true then, the time to grow a tree 12" d. b. h. outside 

 bark is the minimum Rotation in saw timber, and this size must be 

 produced in good form, fairly clean of limbs, and preferably with an 

 even and fine grain. Saw timber cut in the United States today 

 gives but little information on this point. Generally it is larger and 

 much older than is needed. The giant stuff of Redwood and Red 

 Fir, Sitka Spruce and Cedar on Coast is generally over 250 years 

 old, much of it over 300; the same is true of Cypress in the South ; 



