212 SPIRILLA, 



either alone or associated with streptococci or other bacteria. 

 Their actual pathogenicity or saprophytism has never been 

 determined. Animal inoculation has had negative results. 



In some cases of noma Weaver and TunniclifF have found 

 spirilla and fusiform bacteria in great quantities. I have also, 

 in a case of noma which proved fatal, had some of the secre- 

 tion scraped from the lesions submitted for examination, and 

 found spirilla and fusiform bacilli accompanied by streptococci 

 and staphylococci, all in great numbers. 



Spirochaeta Gallinarum. 



History. Described as the etiological factor in an infectious 

 disease of chickens and fowl by Marchoux and Salimenbeni 

 in 1903. 



Morphology and Staining. In shape it is almost the counter- 

 part of the Obermeier spirillum, and stains readily with dilute 

 carbol-fuchsin or any of the blood stains. 



Pathogenesis. Chickens, geese, ducks, and pigeons are very 

 susceptible. The disease is ordinarily spread among the fowl 

 by a species of tick or by swallowing infected matter. Sub- 

 cutaneous injection of infected blood produces the disease, 

 which is characterized by fever, diarrhrea, and often ends 

 fatally. The organism may be recovered from the blood and 

 organs. 



Immunity has been induced by the injection of attenuated 

 immune serum. 



It is generally believed that the Spirochazta anserince, de- 

 scribed by Saccharoff in 1891, is identical with the above 

 organism. 



QUESTIONS. 



What microorganism is the cause of relapsing fever? 



By whom and when was it discovered ? 



Describe it. 



How does it stain? 



May it be cultivated artificially ? 



Where is it found in cases of relapsing fever? 



Is it motile? 



Does it contain spores ? 



