16 APPENDIX, \ 



9. The points of dissimilarity just now instanced evidently show that the gangiia 

 find their numerous distributions form an independent system in the animal economy : 

 and that as one thing cannot be said to torm a part of another thing from which it is 

 essentially different, so the ganglia and their ramifications cannot be supposed to form 

 a part of the nervous system of animal life, or that which presides over the intellectual 

 and locomotive functions. 



10. The independence of the ganglial system may be farther demonstrated in many 

 of the lower animals, and in the young- of the most perfect animals; for in these both 

 the brain and spinal cord may be destroyed gradually ; and, provided the function of res- 

 piration he not entirely put a stop to, the functions of circulation and secretion will 

 still be continued. 



11. That the dependence of t! is system, and the extent of the peculiar influence 

 which it exerts in the animal ecu; omy is farther proved in the most perfect animals, by 

 the effects of disease upon the brain and spinal marrow, either of which may be de- 

 stroyed to a very great extent, and these organs only which they supply be deprived 

 of their functions, while those viscera which receive the ramifications of the ganglial 

 system will continue to perform their actions without evincing 1 much disorder, unless 

 that part of the nervous mass which actuates the contraction of the respiratory muscles 

 becomes involved in the disease. 



12. The ganglia supply with fibrills: all the organs of digestion, assimilation, circu- 

 lation and secretion. 



13. The heart is chiefly supplied with nerves coming directly from this class of nerves, 



14. These nerves form a closely reticulated envelope around the arteries of the 

 throat and abdomen, and around the vena portse : they may be traced in the larger 

 branches of arteries in the extremities, and of the head, until they reach the brain it- 

 self. 



15. The arteries throughout the body, and indeed all the other parts of the vascular 

 system, receive nerves directly from no other source than from the ganglia. 



16. The same system supplies, in a demonstrable manner, all the involuntary muscles, 

 and it seems to send flbrillae to several of the voluntary muscles, especially to those 

 about the centre of the body. It is also liberally distributed to all the secreting glands 

 and surfaces*. 



effect was produced either on the vessels with which it is intimately connected, or upon 

 the stomach and upper portion of the small intestines. In the majority of instances, 

 however, these parts seemed to be in a more contracted state while under the g-alvanic 

 influence. When the influence of the battery (of two hundred plates) was directed 

 upon the semilunar ganglion of a young cat, it evinced symptoms of pain and distress, 

 and several irregular contractions of the diaphragm supervened. The effects of galva- 

 nism were also tried on some of the other ganglia, but they evinced no appearance of 

 being oppressed by it in the dead subject, and, in the living, the result was equivocal. 

 On these occasions we experienced great difficulty from the want of proper assistance. 

 We propose, however, to repeat and to extend these experiments ; and we expect emi- 

 ment coadjutorship in their performance, and the assistance of a very powerful galvanic 

 battery. 



* If, therefore, the existence of these nerves is every where demonstrable in the 

 centre of the system, and even throughout its radius, until we arrive at the superficies 

 or extreme parts of the body, where it may be supposed that they must elude, from 

 the nature of their organization, the detection of the senses, it cannot be contrary to 

 the uniform operations of nature, and to the many analogies she presents, to infer, that 

 they are distributed to the extreme ramifications of the arteries, upon whose more con- 

 siderable branches they are readily demonstrable. And if they are also shown to exist 

 in some voluntary mus'clcs, may they not be considered to be present in all, bestowing 

 upon these muscles their peculiar energies, the nerves of animal life producing only 

 the functions which usually result from this class of nerves, in addition to those arising 

 from the involuntary influence or vital energy which these muscles derive from the gan- 

 glia and tJffcir distributions. 



It may be mentioned, that consistently with the opinions we entertained respecting 

 the independence of, and extent of the functions performed by, the ganglia and their 

 distributions, that we assign the terms ganglial system, organic system of nerves, vital 

 system of nerves, synonymously ; and we use the terms- cerebro-spinal system of nerves, 

 voluntary nerves, and sentient system, also synonymously. To this there may be some 

 objections; but as we did so in the original paper, we wish hot to alter it. 



