98 APPENDIX. 



was 1.018 ; it did not coagulate at the temperature of boiling water, but became turbid \ 

 after some weeks it became a little sour, without undergoing putrefaction : in 100 parts it 

 contained from 4.8 to 7.3 of solid matter, which consisted of 0.9 of soluble albumen and 

 salts ; it contained neither gelatine, nor phosphate of lime, nor any ammoniacal salt. 



The chyle of a dog, collected three hours after having eaten meat, had the appearance 

 of cream : its coagulum, a little red, was to the serum at first as 46.5 to 100, but this quan- 

 tity diminished gradually: the serum became much more turbid by heat and by the addition 

 of acids than that produced from vegetable food ; it underwent putrefaction in three days ; 

 it deposited when allowed to stand, a white and greasy cream, and furnished from 7 to 9.5 

 per cent, of solid matter consisting of soluble albumen, without any gelatine. Brande ob- 

 served a substance analogous to the sugar of milk in the serum. (Marcet, Vauquclin, 

 Brande , $r.) 



Chyle, " when drawn from the thoracic duct, about five hours after the animal has ta- 

 ken food, is an opaque liquid of a white colour ; without smell, and having a slightly acid 

 taste, accompanied by a perceptible sweetness. The presence of a free alkali is indica- 

 ted. About ten minutes after it is drawn from the animal it coagulates into a stiff jelly, 

 which in the course of twenty-four hours gradually separates into two parts, producing a 

 firm contracted coagulum, surrounded by a colourless fluid." 



1st. " The coagulum, as appears from the experiments of Vauquelin, (Ann. de Chim. 

 81 ; 113,) is an intermediate substance between albumen and fibrine. He considers it al- 

 bumen on its way to assume the nature of fibrine. It is not so stiff, nor of so fibrous a tex- 

 ture as fibrine ; it is more easily acted on and dissolved by 'caustic alkalies. It is insoluble 

 in alcohol and ether, readily dissolved by diluted sulphuric acid, very dilute ; nitric acid 

 converts it into adipocire. When burnt it leaves a charcoal, containing common salt, phos- 

 phate of lime, and gives traces of iron." (Thomson.) 



2d. The liquid portion separates albumen on boiling, and contains sugar and a very small 

 portion of a fatty matter, similar to that found in the brain. The same salts as in other ani- 

 mal fluids. 



BJ.OOD. Taste slightly saline, smell peculiar, specific gravity 1.0527. As soon as the vi- 

 tal influence of the vessels ceases to act on the blood, it separates into the coagulum or 

 cruor, and serum. The common proportion is one part of cruor to three of serum. The 

 proportion, however, varies from 1.2 and 1.4. If the separation of fibrine, giving rise to 

 the coagulation, takes place in repose, the fibrine entangles the red particles of the blood j 

 but if the blood be kept in motion, the red particles escape into the serum, and the fibrine 

 is separated into threads. 



1st. Serum. Possesses the taste and smell of the blood, specific gravity is about 1.0287. 



Berzelius found that the serum of human blood was composed as follows: water, 905.00, 

 albumen, 80.00 ; muriates of potash and soda, 6.00 ; lactate of soda, with animal matter, 

 4.00 ; soda, phosphate of soda, with animal matter, 4.10 ; loss, 0.90 ; 1000.00. (Annals 

 of Philosophy, ii. 202.) 



"Dr. Marcet found the constituents of serum as follows : water, 900.00 ; albumen 

 86 80 ; muriates of potash and soda, 6.60 ; muco-extractive matter, 4.J00 ; sub-carbonate of 

 soda, 1.65 ; sulphate of potash, 0.35 ; earthy phosphates, 0.60. 1000. (Medico. Chirurg 

 Soc. Transact, ii. 376.) 



" The muco-extractive matter was doubtless impure lactate of soda." " Berzelius is ot 

 opinion, that the sulphate of potash, and the earthy phosphates which were found by Dr. 

 Marcet in the ashes of serum, were formed during the incineration. For phosphorus, sul- 

 phur, and the basis of lime and magnesia, exist according to him as constituents of albu- 

 men." 



" Gelatin was considered as a constituent of serum, until Dr. Bostock and Professor Ber- 

 zelius have sho\vn, that the opinion of its existence in blood is not well founded." 



2. The cruor, or the clot. Specific gravity about 1.245. Is separated into two portions 

 by ablution in water. 1st, A white, solid, elastic substance, which has all the properties 

 of fibrine. 2d, The portion held in solution by the water is the colouring matter, with a 

 portion of serum. 



"Berzelius and Brande have shown, that this clot is a compound of fibrine, albumen,, 

 and colouring matter of blood. According to the analysis of Berzelius, it consists of co- 

 louring matter, 64 ; fibrine and albumen. 36 ; 100. 



" When the colouring matter is incinerated, about one-third of a per cent, of oxide of 

 iron may be extracted from its ashes. This portion of iron is a constituent of the colouring 

 matter, and perhaps the cause of its red colour. (Thorn, iv. 492.) But in what way it is 

 united to the albuminous portion of the colouring matter remains unknown. When incine- 

 rated, the colouring matter leaves 7 V^ of its weight of ashes, consisting according to the 

 analysis of Berzelius, (which appears to be the most to be depended on,) of the following 

 ingredients : oxide of iron, 50.0 ; sub-phosphate of iron, 7.5 ; phosphate of lime with tra- 

 ces o.f magnesia, frO ; pure lime, 200 ; carbonic acid and loss. 16,5 100.0. 



