100 APPENDIX. 



'The ingredients of the milk of most animals are nearly the same, the proportion only 

 differs. 



The human milk differs from cow's milk 1st, in containing a much smaller quantity of 

 curd. 2d, Its oil is so intimately combined with its curd, that it does not yield butter. 3d, 

 It contains rather more sugar of milk. 



Parmentier and Deyeux ascertained, that the quantity of curd in woman's milk increases 

 in proportion to the time after delivery. (Journ. de Phys. 38. 422.) 



None of the methods by which cow's milk is coagulated, succeed in producing the coa- 

 gulation of the human milk. (Clarke Irish Trans, vol. ii. p. 175.) 



BiirE (human.) The following is the analysis of bile, according to Berzelius: water, 

 908.4; picromel, 80.0; albumen, 3.0; soda, 4.1; phosphate of lime, 0.1; common salt, 3.4; 

 phosphate of soda, with some lime, 1.0. 1000. 



Biliary calculi are formed either entirely of cholesterine; or they also contain a yellow 

 concrete mucous, picromel, and rarely phosphate of lime or carbonate of lime. These lat- 

 ter ingredients frequently almost entirely replace the cholesterine. ( Gren. Orfila ) 



CERUMEN OF TH EAR. Vauquelin considers it composed of the following substances. 

 1st, Albumen. 2d, An inspissated oil. 3d, A colouring matter. 4th, Soda. 5th, Phos- 

 phate of lime. (Fourcroy, ix. 373.) 



TEARS. According to the analysis of Fourcroy and Vauquelin (Jourh. de Phys. vol. 

 xxxix. p. 236,) they are composed of the following ingredients: 1st, Water. 2d, Mucus. 

 3d, Muriate of soda. 4th, Soda. 5th, Phosphate of lime. 6th, Phosphate of soda. 



" The saline parts amount only to about 0.01 of the whole. The mucus contained in the 

 tears has the property of absorbing oxygen gradually from the atmosphere, and of becoming 

 thick and viscid, and of a yellow colour. This property of acquiring new qualities from 

 the absorption of oxygen, explains the changes which take place in tears in some diseases 

 of the eye." 



SWEAT contains salivary mucus; osmazome; lactic acid; lactate of soda; and hydro- 

 chlorate of potass and soda. (Berzelius.) 



Thenard found it composed of an animal substance analagous to gelatine ; acetic acid ; 

 hydrochlorate of soda; phosphate of lime; phosphate of iron, and water. 



URINE. The human urine, in a state of health, has a specific gravity of 1.02. It con- 

 tains urea, 3.01; a matter analagous to saliva, osmazome, lactic acid, lactate of ammonia, 

 and a little urea, 1.724; mucus, 0.032; uric acid, 0.10; phosphate of ammonia, 0.150; sul- 

 phate of potassa, 0.371; sulphate of soda, 0.316; hydrochlorate of soda, 0.445; phosphate of 

 soda, 0.294; phosphate of lime, with a little phosphate of magnesia, and a trace of the fluate 

 of calcium, 0.1 ; silica, 0.003; water, 93.3. (Berzelius.) 



Besides the constituents of healthy urine, as determined by Berzelius, the following have 

 been occasionally detected in it; albumen; resin with ulmine; acetic acid; benzoic acid (in 

 infants;) carbonic acid; sulphur; chloruret of potassium; and iron. 



Urine which is excreted in the morning, generally contains more of the saline and solid 

 ingredients. Uric acid abounds most in the urine of individuals who live on animal diet. 

 Urine absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and passes into a state of putrid fermentation. 

 This is more or less rapid according to the elevation of the temperature; and the quantity 

 of mucus and albumen present in the urine is considerable. 



The urine in diabetes niellitus has a specific gravity of from 1.026 to 1.05. It generally 

 contains no urea sometimes a minute quantity of it. It is remarkable for its quantity, and 

 for the saccharine matter which it holds in solution; the saline ingredients are generally pre* 

 sent, but in smaller proportions. As the quantity of sugar diminishes, that of albumen in- 

 creases, and this latter is replaced, as the disease disappears, by urea and uric acid. The 

 chief difference between this urine and that secreted in diabetes insipidus, consists in the 

 absence of saccharine matter from the latter. 



Icteric urine is frequently yellow and bitter, and contains the principles of bile. 

 In acute dropsy the urine is generally charged with albumen. When dropsy results from 

 disease of the liver, the urine is brown, and deposits a brown sediment. 

 SEMEN, when ejected, is the product of two different glands, the one fluid and milky, 

 supposed to be secreted by the prostate gland; the other a thick mucilaginous substance, 

 considered to be secreted by the testes, and in which numerous white shining filaments may 

 be discovered: it has a slightly disagreeable odour, an acrid irritating taste, and is of a great- 

 er specific gravity than water. As this liquid cools, the mucilaginous parts become trans- 

 parent, and acquire a greater consistency, but in about, twenty minutes after its emission, 

 the whole becomes perfectly liquid. 



This change supervenes without any absorption of moisture from the air, and without its 

 action, taking place equally in close vessels. Semen is insoluble in water before this spon- 

 taneous liquefaction, but readily so afterwards. (Vauquelin, Jinn, de Chim. ix. 70.) When 

 semen is kept in a moist air, at about 77, it acquires a yellow colour, like the yolk of an 

 egg; it exhales the odour of putrid fish, and its surface is covered by the byssus septica. 



