CRABS AND INSECTS. 



wings is pressed against the limb, forming the stem and 

 completing the deception. 



NOTE. A butterfly observed by Wallace in the Malay Archipelago, 

 when pursued by birds, imitated the flight of a poisonous butterfly so 

 effectually that the pursuers gave up the chase. Kallima ffugeli, of 

 India, when not in flight, mimics dry oak-leaves, and can hardly be dis- 

 tinguished from a dead leaf. The Indian butterfly Melanitis mimics 

 various species of fungi, utterly disappearing from sight when it alights 

 a few feet away among the dry spikes of pine-leaves, etc. ; while in the 

 Indian Kallima machis no two species are alike, all resembling dead 

 leaves, even the minute fungi growing upon them being imitated in 

 various ways. 



Works on Butterflies and Motks for fiirther reference. 

 " List of Butterflies of North America," H. S. Scudder, " Buffalo 

 Academy of Science," vol. viii ; " North American Silk-Worms," L. 

 Trouvelot, " American Naturalist," vol. i ; " Silk- Worms and Silk- 

 Culture," in " Popular Science Monthly," vol. iii ; " Monograph of the 

 Geometrid Moths of North America," A. S. Packard, Jr., " Memoir of 

 Hayden's Survey," vol. x ; " List of Noctuidse of North America," A. 

 R. Grote, " Bulletin of the Buffalo Academy of Natural Science," vol. 

 ii, 1874. 



Order VIII. Membrane-Winged Insects (Hyme- 

 wptera}. General Characteristics. Insects having trans- 

 parent wings with few veins. The mouth-parts adapted 

 for lapping, biting, or cutting. The females of some have 

 a sting or piercer. Metamorphosis complete. 



Horn-Tails ( Uroceridce). The males have a long 

 horn on the abdomen. The saw of the female is attached 

 to the middle of the abdomen, extending 

 far beyond it. 



Gail-Flies (Cynipida). To these in- 

 sects (Fig. 171) are due most of the ex- 

 FIG. 171. crescences called galls, found upon oaks 

 Gall-fly. and other plants. They have short, broad 



heads, the thorax oval and thick, the ab- 

 domen compressed and attached to the thorax by a short, 

 delicate peduncle. The females puncture a leaf or branch 



