368 BACKBONED ANIMALS. 



ers. Thus, the form of the skull differs greatly, even 

 among individuals. The Australians and Africans are 

 prognathous, or forward-jawed, while the Europeans are 

 orthognathous, or upright-jawed. When the skull is high 

 and narrow, they are said to be dolichocephalic, or " long= 

 headed. " Others are termed brachy cephalic, or " short- 

 headed," while a medium is called mesocephalic^ or middle- 

 headed. 



Early Man. Man was contemporaneous with the 

 cave-bear, the mammoth, and other huge animals that 

 lived during the Post-tertiary period. Fossil remains and 

 implements have been found in Quaternary deposits. The 

 oldest remains found in America, on the authority of Pro- 

 fessor Whitney, is a human cranium taken from a shaft 

 one hundred and fifty feet deep in Calaveras County, Cali- 

 fornia. It was imbedded in the gold-drift, and covered 

 with five successive overflows of lava. Another fragment 

 of a human skull was found imbedded one hundred and 

 eighty feet below Table Mountain, associated with bones 

 of the mastodon. According to Professor Whitney, these 

 finds date to the Pliocene time of geology, a time prior to 

 the volcanic eruptions that spread their lava over a large 

 portion of the State. 



Specimens for Study. The suggestions for the prepara- 

 tion of skeletons, on page 291, may be applied to mam- 

 mals also. 



Works on Man for further reference. 



" Hand-Book of Human and Comparative Histology," S. Strieker ; 

 " Human Physiology," J. C. Dalton ; " Elementary Lessons in Physi- 

 ology," Huxley ; " Natural History of Man," Von J. F. Elumenbach ; 

 Lyell's " Antiquity of Man" ; F. Gushing, " My Adventures in Zuni/' 

 in the "Century," February, 1883; "The Human Body," Martin ; 

 " Anthropology," Tylor ; " The Essentials of Anatomy, Physiology, 

 and Hygiene," R. S. Tracy. 



