to chip them into shape by striking the two together. At first all his tools and weapohs were 

 combined into a single type shaped like an almond and used on the point. Presently he made 

 tools and weapons separately, of special designs and materials and polished some of them. In 

 regions where caverns abounded these were utilized as homes, in other regions crude shelters 

 of bark, sod, or leaves were constructed. As the population of a region increased the game 

 was soon killed off, or frightened away and must be followed, necessitating a portable home. 

 This was made of vegetable material, such as birch bark where this was available, or of skins 

 of animals. This type of home, the wigwam or tepee, assumed the most favorable form for 

 such a house, that of a cone. Can you discover all the advantages? 



Co-operation in war and chase was found highly advantageous and this was possible only 

 by a more complete language. Man now became a gregarious and social creature. With 

 success came confidence in himself ; with this confidence came physical bravery and eventually 

 love of the approbation of his fellows. In the field the leadership of the strongest, bravest, 

 most skillful and shrewdest was unconsciously recognized, either because he forged ahead or 

 the others slunk behind. In camp they admired and respected his ability and the offce of 

 chief was established. Success in hunting brought them abundant food, of the most nutritious 

 character, materials for homes, clothing, various weapons and utensils. At first eaten raw the 

 advantage of cooking meat was discovered probably by accident. Roasting and broiling over 

 the camp fire was first done and boiling by means of hot stones considerably later. Skins used 

 for clothing were at first simply dried, after the flesh was removed, and became hard. Wher- 

 ever they rubbed the body uncomfortably it would seem natural to pound such portions in 

 order to soften them and tanning was discovered, to be later experimented with and improved 

 upon. Those people having access to bodies of water would learn how to capture fish by 

 various devices. Beginning with a floating log they devised the light canoe. 



During this stage the specialization of the work of man and woman began. The man 

 being naturally the stronger assumed the duties of the war and the chase, the protection of 

 the home and the securing of game. To the woman was entrusted the care of the younger 

 children, the preparation of food, the making of clothing and the making and erection of the 

 tepee. The gathering of available vegetable food in the immediate neighbhood of the camp, 

 the making of baskets, or pottery, to hold such was left also to the woman. With some 

 peoples it is probable that a little elementary agriculture was carried on about the camp, as far 

 as the nomadic life permitted, this work being also entrusted to the women. In case the 

 slaughtered game was accompanied by young that refused to escape, these would be taken to 

 camp alive and turned over to the women and children for their entertainment. Most animals 

 would thus lose much of their wild nature and the idea of domestication of animals was well 

 started. In the hunting stage the dog and the horse were the most serviceable animals and 

 these were early domesticated and shared the fortunes of primitive man in his wanderings. 



In the evenings camp fires were lighted for the sake of the warmth when needed, to cook 

 the evening meal and very often to frighten away savage beasts, with which the fear of fire is 

 instinctive. The narration of the day's experience was natural, furnishing instruction and 

 entertainment. The meager language of the time permitted only imperfect accounts of the 

 varied happenings of the day and gesture and pantomime supplied what the language failed to 

 depict. When participated in by several, and accompanied by the chant, the rattle, tom-tom, 

 or drum, we have the starting of music and the dance- Attempts to explain phenomena that 

 they could not fully understand led to the myth. The happenings in the world about them 

 and the deeds of their greatest warriors furnished the basis for their legends and folk-lore, from 

 which were developed literature and history. From this imperfect knowledge of their reg'on 

 and its plants and animals arose geography and science, attempts to express how much and how 

 many led to the development of number. The earliest known drawings are representations of 

 of wild animals. From the days' necessities and the evenings' pastimes were started the 

 thought and expression work of the present day. 



Private ownership extended to the home and its meager equipment, articles of clothing, 

 adornment, weapons and untensils, the few domesticated animals, etc. The fields, forests, 

 streams and lakes, with their game and fish, were all held in common by the tribe in possession 

 of the region. The impulse to live was the controlling motive in the breast of every individual. 

 Self-preservation must be secured at all hazards, after this the preservation of family and 

 friends. In order to secure food deception and trickery must be practiced upon the animals. 



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