Man must lie in hiding, entice the animals to their doom by false calls, dig pit-falls, set traps, 

 bait hooks, etc. Sympathy for wild life had not yet shown herself upon earth. Other men 

 who were strangers were simply more dangerous animals, to be disposed of with the utmost 

 expedition, and with never a thought of mercy or fairness. The type man of this stage was 

 selfish, cruel and blood-thirsty, impulsive, deceitful and with but little respect for property 

 rights. These traits of character he had inherited from the past and his existence depended 

 upon their retention. They are not entirely unknown to-day amongst peoples professing civil- 

 ization. Look over the morning's paper for illustrations. Primitive man, however, is not to 

 be judged by ethical standards of the present day. He secured for him and his, personal safety, 

 comfort and, as far as possible, happiness. According to the philosophy of Herbert Spencer 

 he did right and his conscience approved. 



The study of Nature was a marked advance over that of arboreal man. It was one thing 

 to keep out of the clutches of the man-eating beasts, but quite another to be able to capture 

 and eat them. The herbivorous animals were shy and wary and must have their habits well 

 understood in order to be successfully hunted. The capture of wild fowl and fish taxed man's 

 shrewdness to the utmost. Roving from place to place man had to become acquainted with a 

 wider range of plants in order to select those suitable for food and to let alone those that were 

 poisonous. Real or imaginary medicinal qualities of plants were discovered from time to time. 

 In order to select suitable material for his weapons and untensils primitive man must study 

 the minerals and rocks and make a search for them. To plan for successful expeditions of 

 war and the chase, to protect himself most fully against the rigors of the climate, he must be 

 able to predict the weather. The fullest success in his warfare against animate and inanimate 

 Nature demanded that he know his "home geography." In all cases this Nature knowledge 

 was acquired not because man had developed any students' instincts, but because is was essen- 

 tial to his existence. Those unwilling, indifferent or incapable of such study were displaced 

 by others more fit. The method, in the main, was direct contact with Nature in field and for- 

 est and the effect was robustness of body, symmetrical development of the muscles and motor 

 centers, the fullest possible development of sense organs and sense centers, the strengthing of 

 associative memory and imagination. The mathematical and reasoning powers received scant 

 training. 



3. PASTORAL STAGE. With the discovery that the wild nature of some animals could 

 be, in a large part, overcome through domestication certain groups of individuals gradually 

 acquired sufficient numbers of such animals to demand their attention. From these flocks 

 and herds they found that they could procure food, clothing and materials for shelter and that 

 the supply was adequate, more conveniently procured and always at hand. The natural in- 

 crease of their flocks required that more and more time be spent upon their care and protection, 

 leaving them less and less time to devote to the chase. With all their wants provided there 

 was little inducement now to hunt and in regions where game was scarce the hunter became a 

 herder. The change was brought about independently by various peoples, the details of which 

 varied with the region and the type of the domesticated animal. In the mountainous districts 

 the sheep were domesticated, upon the plains horses and oxen, in the far north-land the rein- 

 deer. In most cases the dog was found to be of much service in the care and protection of 

 the herds and in guarding the camp. He was made a part of the family and by unconscious 

 selection various varieties were started. 



Since the animals would presently exhaust the pasturage of a region it was necessary to 

 maintain the nomadic habit in order to secure food and water. This necessitated a portable 

 house, with its limited supply of conveniences. The animals could be utilized for purposes of 

 transportation of the camp. In the early stages the tepees were made of skins; later, in the 

 case of certain people, of cloth. In order to better care for and protect their stock several 

 families lived together holding the animals in common. So long as all went well there was 

 enough for all and to spare. This less strennous life was favorable for sociality and story -tell- 

 ing, dancing and singing were further developed. The various expression subjects; language, 

 drawing, numbers, music, etc., were advanced beyond their position reached in the preceding 

 stage. The "picture-writing" of the hunting peoples had become more symbolic and a step 

 made towards phonetic writing and the alphabet. Amongst certain people the art of spinning 

 and weaving was discovered, suggested probably by the basketry or fishing-nets of the hunt- 

 ing stage. 



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