still retained for food and beasts of burden. The first digging stones Were replaced by stone 

 hoes with handles, and strong, sharpened sticks drawn by animals became plows. All the 

 various handicrafts and inventions that had been started in the hunting and pastoral stages 

 underwent a rapid and fuller development during the agricultural stage, because of the greater 

 opportunity and necessity. The mortar and pestle for cracking and grinding grains and seeds, 

 were replaced by heavy stones turned one over the other, first by hand power and then by ani- 

 mals. The grains first gathered and threshed by hand, were cut with knives, threshed by flails, 

 and later by animals. Owing to the inconvenience of transporting it in the nomadic stages, 

 the industry of making pottery could not flourish until the permanent home was secured. 

 Cooking vessels, water jars and various dishes were devised and elaborately ornamented. 

 Methods of cooking underwent a corresponding development from the simple roasting- and 

 broiling over the camp fire. Various peoples have devised ingenious methods of getting fire, 

 the most primitive of which was probably that of striking together two pieces of chert or flint. 

 In chipping their crude implements the sparks were observed and when alighting upon the 

 skin they were found to be hot. Either by accident, or deliberate intent, their effect upon a 

 very combustible substance was discovered. The heating effect of friction was discovered and 

 made use of in a variety of ways for getting fire, different people using the fire-plow, the fire- 

 saw and fire-drill. The various industries required for the manufacture of clothing were per- 

 fected by the women and garments of special design and materials produced, adapted to the 

 season. 



This manner of life was so arduous that it exhausted the surplus energies of a commun- 

 ity; so free from excitement that it eliminated the wild, boisterous spirit of the shepherd and 

 cow-boy. With his main treasures in land which could neither be carried away, nor utilized 

 by hunting and pastoral man ; in crops or stores of grain not easily transported ; the agricult- 

 ural people did not invite attack. They gradually lost the warlike spirit of their ancestors and 

 entered upon a peaceful, quiet life, that called for and gave opportunity for thought and re- 

 flection. The settled life gave great stability to such a population, their land and homes were 

 to be defended at all hazards, since they could not be moved. They made use of fortifications 

 into which they could retreat in case of attack and these they defended to the last. A spirit 

 of patriotism, not previously known, was aroused and developed. Certain individuals were 

 especially trained for the common defense. Captives could now be utilized in the fields as 

 never before and the institution of slavery was started. From the brutish tree-climber, the 

 savage hunter and the barbarous herder, we have at last reached the humanized and civil 

 farmer, 



5. MANUFACTURING STAGE. As the farmer and his sons became more and more ambi- 

 tious in their agriculture there was a demand for improved tools by which the man and his beasts 

 of burden could secure the maximum return for their labor. Those most ingenious devised 

 implements for which there was a demand, and to supply these, certain ones undertook their 

 mamifacture. Wood, coal and metal were demanded and other groups of individuals were set 

 to lumbering and mining. The materials so obtained were used in the construction of the 

 manufacturing plants, the homes for the workmen, the articles manufactured, the machinery 

 employed and the fuels required. To shift the raw materials to the place of manufacture, to 

 get the manufactured products to the farmer, as well as his food products back to the work- 

 men, necessitiated more and more efficient means of transportation. Other manufactories were 

 started later to supply the farmers and other laborers with clothing, hats, footwear, household 

 articles and tools required in their various lines of work. In a system becoming more and 

 lore complicated it was impracticable to exchange directly a certain amount of grain for a 

 :ythe or suit of clothes and some medium of exchange must be devised. Mints and banks, 

 nth their cheques, promissory notes and tables of interest, are the result. In order to facili- 

 ite business there have sprung up the newspaper, the post, the telegraph and telephone. To 

 ittle disputes and see that all get their individual rights we have our lawyers, judges and of- 

 icers of the law; to look after our physical welfare we have our physicians, surgeons and drug- 

 gists; to attend to the moral and spiritual welfare of struggling humanity we have our minis- 

 and pastors; and, finally, to adjust the children most wisely and efficiently to this most 

 >mplicated state of society we have our teachers. No teacher can do this most intelligently 

 md sympathetically who does not know the weary path that has been trodden by the race and 

 fho does not understand the natural course of child development. 



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