General Summary of Race Development. 



LEADING OCCUPATION. 



TYPES OF DWELLINGS. 



CHARACTERISTIC MATERIALS 



VI. Manufacturing. 



V. Agricultural. 



IV. Pastoral. 



III. Hunting and Fishing. 



II. Hunting. 



I. Climbing. 



7. Modern houses; frame, brick, stone, cement. 



6. Cabins ; sod, adobe, stone, log. 



5. Cloth Shelters ; tents. 



4. Skin Shelters ; wigwams, tepees. 



3. Plant Shelters ; boughs, leaves, grass, bark. 



2. Caverns and rock shelters. 



I. Tree homes. 



f. Iron. 



e. Bronze or copper. 



d. Polished stone. 



c. Chipped stone. 



b. Unshapen stone. 



a. Wood. 



In the classifications of the various steps in race progress upon the three different bases 

 given above, it is not to be assumed that the stages of one correspond necessarily to those of 

 the others. Neither is it to be supposed that each race of people to-day has traversed the 

 entire series. In New Guinea and along the Amazon and its tributaries there are tribes that 

 still utilize the trees for their homes, but using improved methods of reaching them. When 

 America was discovered the eastern Indian was in the hunting and fishing stage, using skin 

 or plant shelters and only stone and wood for his weapons. In the middle west he had dis- 

 placed the so-called "mound-builders," a race that appears to have reached the lower agricult- 

 ural stage, having settled homes, extensive fortifications and utilizing copper and silver. The 

 Eskimo in America have reached an advanced hunting and fishing stage, while their represent- 

 atives in Kurope and Asia have domesticated the reindeer and advanced into the pastoral. This 

 is as high a stage of culture as their environment will permit. The United States government 

 is at present trying the experiment of introducing the reindeer into Alaska, teaching the na- 

 tives how to care for it and thus lifting them bodily to a higher plane of culture, (National 

 Geographic Magazine, Vol. XIV, p. 127 and Vol. XVII, p. 69). This promises now to be a 

 success and a great boon to the Eskimo. In trying to forcethe Indian hunter into the agri- 

 cultural stage the American government is not meeting with all the success hoped for and for 

 the reason that the step is too great a one to be made so suddenly. The transition from the 

 hunter to the herder could have been made with relative ease and, in the light of our present 

 knowledge, it should have helped the Indians to have acquired flocks, instead of farms. 



It is well to note that, with the exception of the tree-climbing which has been largely dis- 

 pensed with, it is still necessary that certain individuals devote themselves to-day to those 

 activities which characterized the stages of the race. The numbers so employed sustain a 

 direct relation to the remoteness of the stage. About one-half our population are engaged 

 directly in agriculture; a considerable, but much smaller percent, devote their lives to]the rear- 

 ing of animals; while still fewer are engaged in fishing and hunting, as a livelihood. 



22 



