424 THE SUCCESSION OF THE VERTEBRATE FAUNAS. 



are not as yet any traces of the Proboscidea, or of deer with 

 antlers ; while the chief Carnivora of the John Day Formation 

 are the sabre-toothed cats (Nimravus). 



There is no clearly distinguishable Upper Miocene mam- 

 malian fauna in Europe, though the lacustrine deposits of 

 Oeningen, Baden, may perhaps represent this stage. Here 

 occurs the gigantic fossil salamander, Cryptobranchus diluvii 

 testis. In North America, however, the mammals from the 

 Loup Fork Formation are usually described as Upper Miocene ; 

 and the assemblage or fauna certainly exhibits a mingling of 

 the types which are partly Middle Miocene, partly Lower 

 Pliocene in Europe. The Loup Fork series is chiefly of lacus- 

 trine origin and very widely distributed between South Dakota 

 and Mexico. Mastodon now appears for the first time in the 

 New World, but it is not accompanied by Dinotherium. The 

 rhinoceroses, which are still hornless, are now nearly extinct. 

 Besides other genera of primitive horses, Hipparion is found. 

 Deer with small antlers are also met with (Cosoryx); while 

 Procamelus makes a very close approach to. the camels, which 

 appear in India in the Pliocene. 



Pliocene. 



The Lower Pliocene vertebrate fauna of the Old World is 

 well known not only from several widely-distributed localities 

 in Europe, but also from parts of Asia and Algeria. Among 

 marine mammals the Sirenian Halitherium and the primitive 

 Cetacean Squalodon, still survive ; but the large majority of 

 the remains found in the marine Antwerp Crag of Belgium, 

 the Red and Coralline Crags of eastern England, and the 

 equivalent sub-Apennine strata of Italy, represent genera of 

 Cetacea and Carnivora Pinnipedia closely similar to, or even 

 identical with, those now living. The land-mammals are very 

 numerous, and are best known from the freshwater deposits of 

 Mt Leberon and Cucuron (Vaucluse) and Montpellier (Herault) 

 in France ; from Concud in Spain ; from the estuarine yellow 

 sands of Eppelsheim, Hesse Darmstadt ; from the Vienna basin 

 and Baltavdr in Hungary ; and from a torrent-deposit at the 



