TERTIARY. 425 



foot of Pentelicon in the ravine of Pikermi, near Athens. 

 Abundant remains are also found in a volcanic tuff on the 

 Island of Samos in the Turkish archipelago ; in a similar 

 deposit at Maragha in Persia ; and in the well-known Siwalik 

 Formation of India. There are, moreover, traces of the same 

 fauna in China, Japan, the Philippines, Borneo, and Java. In 

 the European area true apes are represented b'y a single thigh- 

 bone from Eppelsheim, and by numerous skeletons of Meso- 

 pithecus from Pikermi. Among Carnivora, Felis and Hycena 

 appear for the first time, associated with Ictitherium which 

 seems to be an ancestor of the latter ; primitive types of bears 

 (Amphicyon, Hycenarctos) are also common, but Ursus itself is 

 not yet found. Dinotherium is now met with for the last time, 

 and Mastodon flourishes ; but there is as yet no true Elephas. 

 Antelopes abound, except in the comparatively northern region 

 of Hesse Darmstadt, and there are several ancestral types of 

 giraffe (Palceotragus, Helladotherium). Typical pigs (Sus) are 

 first found ; and the very abundant Hipparion makes a close 

 approach to the modern horses. 



Tracing this fauna eastwards, there are four important 

 additional forms to be noted in Samos, namely, another extinct 

 giraffe (Samotherium), a Hyrax, an undoubted Orycteropus, and 

 also, among birds, an ostrich. The assemblage of forms at 

 Maragha resembles both that of Samos and that of the fresh- 

 water sandstone of the Siwalik Hills and other parts of India. 

 The Siwalik Formation, however, evidently contains more than 

 one mammalian fauna; for mingled with the typically Lower 

 Pliocene genera, there are others (such as Anthracotherium, 

 Listriodon, and Hyotherium) of more ancient aspect, while some 

 (such as Equus, Elephas, Hippopotamus, and Leptobos) are dis- 

 tinctly later, at least in Europe. The most remarkable of the 

 typically Siwalik mammals are the horned Giraffidae, Sivathe- 

 rium and Bramatherium. 



The North American fauna which seems to represent the 

 Lower Pliocene is as yet very imperfectly known. One of the 

 lacustrine deposits containing it, however, clearly rests uncon- 

 formably upon the Loup Fork Formation at least in one part 

 of Texas. The hornless rhinoceroses now appear for the last 



