THE PUPIPABA. 379 



Stances, as the ScatophngcB a.nd Sapromyzm; others^ as 

 the Ortalidce and Tephritidce, deposit their eggs upon 

 living vegetables and plants, and thus produce excres- 

 cences like galls. The Dolichocerce live upon aquatic 

 plants ; Calohata has the power of walking upon the sur- 

 face of pools ; and the Actorce frequent the sea-shores, 

 where they live upon fuel and marine rejectamenta. 



(341.) The sixth and last family of the Diptera 

 contains the Pupipara. These have, for separative cha- 

 racters, antenna with but one distinct joint, placed in 

 front of the lateral extremities of the head; and a mouth 

 without a proboscis, — the function of which is executed by 

 twosetse, which form a sheath or tube. They constitute two 

 tribes, — 1. The CoriacecB; and, 2. TYvePhthiromycB. The 

 first are distinguished by having a head of a moderate 

 size, and usually wings. We have before adverted to the 

 remarkable circumstance of their young undergoing its 

 states of larva and pupa within the abdomen of the 

 parent ; and as matured pupae they are born. They re- 

 semble the lice, living as parasites upon animals and 

 birds ; and although, when winged, they are not skilful 

 flyers, yet, in their native habitat, upon the skin of animals, 

 they have considerable activity, running about, but 

 chiefly laterally. Belonging to the first group, and 

 winged, we find Hippohosca, or the horse-fly; Strehla, 

 inhabiting the bat; OrnithoMa and Ornithoniya, upon a 

 variety of birds; and Anapera (^Oxypterum Leach) and 

 Stenopteryx, exclusively upon swallows. Leptotena has 

 but rudimentary wings, and inhabits the deer ; and Mal- 

 lophaga, which is totally apterous, the sheep. The se- 

 cond tribe, the Phthiromyce, contains but one genus, — 

 Nycterihia — animals whose situation is indicated as being 

 proximate to the HippoboscAdcB, by the structure of their 

 mouth and the identity of transformations. These in- 

 sects greatly resemble spiders ; and thus indicate the con- 

 tiguity of the ArachnidcE, although their structure is 

 completely analogous to that of the hexapod Tnsecta. A 

 particular detail of this would exceed the limits we are 

 restricted to ; and we shall therefore merely notice that 



