FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 



85 



surgeons in determining especially the upper limits of spinal-cord lesions. 

 Some of these reflexes have concern only with a small knot of neurones 

 in the medulla oblongata or with cells in one spinal segment, while others 

 involve neurones scattered far up and down the cord through many 

 segments and by multitudes of cells and pathways. Their two common 

 aspects are that their centers are located in some part of the spinal cord, 

 including the medulla; and that they are in some degree slightly or 

 wholly controlled by afferent impulses coming from a less or a greater 

 distance. 



We quote from Hall the following table, showing the location in the 

 spinal cord of forty-three reflexes. It is useful not only as a summary 

 of the reflex functions of the cord, but for diagnostic purposes in many 

 diseases of the nervous system: 



REFLEX. 



Plantar 



Gluteal 



Cremasteric 



Erectile of penis 



Abdominal 



Epigastric . . 



Mammary 



Scapular" 



Palmar 



Laryngeal 



Pharyngeal 



Nasal 



Conjunctival 



Tendo-Achillis ..... 



Ankle-clonus 



Patellar 



Extensors of hand .... 



Flexors of hand 



Pronator of hand 



Triceps 



Supinator of hand .... 



Biceps 



Inferior maxillary .... 



Defecation 



Micturition 



Seminal emission 



Parturition 



Intestinal movements 

 Duodenal regurgitation . 



Pylorus 



Gastric movements . 



Emesis 



Deglutition 



Sucking 



Respiration 



Expiration 



Inspiration 



Circulation : 



Cardiac acceleration 



Cardiac inhibition .... 



Vaso-motor dilatation, blush . 



Vaso-motor constriction, pallor 



Pupillary 



Vaso-motor ... 



Salivary secretion ..... 



LOCATION OF CENTER. 



1st and 2d sacral segments. 



4th and 5th lumbar. 



1st to 3d lumbar. 



1st and 2d lumbar. 



7th to llth dorsal. 



4th to 7th dorsal. 



2d to 12th dorsal. 



5th cervical to 1st dorsal. 



7th cervical to 1st dorsal. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



9th cranial nerve, bulb. 



5th cranial nerve, bulb. 



5th cranial nerve, bulb. 



3d to 5th sacral. 



5th lumbar. 



2d lumbar. 



6th cervical. 



7th and 8th cervical. 



8th cervical. 



6th cervical. 



5th cervical. 



4th and 5th cervical. 



5th cranial nerve, bulb. 



4th lumbar. 



3d lumbar. 



4th lumbar to 3d sacral. 



1st and 2d lumbar. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



1st to 4th dorsal (splanchnic). 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



9th and 10th cranial nerves, bulb. 



5th, 7th, and llth cranial nerves, bulb. 



Tip of calamus scriptorius, bulb. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



2d and 3d et seq. dorsal. 



10th cranial nerve, bulb. 



7th cranial to 3d sacral. 



2d dorsal to 2d lumbar, inclusive. 



4th cervical to 3d dorsal. 



Floor of the 4th ventricle. 



7th cranial nerve, bulb (chorda tympani). 



