MUSCULAR ACTION 397 



the different aspects of the total function of these processes. Re- 

 moval by cyst, tumor, or wound of the motor speech-area noted above 

 causes loss of speaking-power. The memory-directions for working 

 the right muscles in the right order then no longer exist, at least in this 

 cortical region of voluntary use. This defect is motor aphasia, aphemia. 

 In case the motor inability is in using the hands for writing instead of 

 the throat, etc., for speaking, it is agraphia. When there is not a com- 

 plete loss of speech, but only a defect (as in paresis, intoxication, etc.), 

 it is called ataxic aphasia. Other kinds of speech-derangement, caused 

 by mental rather than by bodily motor disturbance, are rather misleadingly 

 called sensory aphasias. Thus amnesic aphasia indicates a loss of mem- 

 ory of either some words or all words. The forgetting of proper names, 

 especially those of persons, is its most common and least abnormal form. 

 There is word-blindness and word-deafness, wherein the words are read 

 and heard properly but not recognized as symbols of meanings, not 

 "apperceived." In paraphasia the word-sounds or word-shapes are 

 recognized but associated with the wrong meanings, wrongly apperceived. 

 The opposite condition is a variety of ataxic aphasia relatively common 

 in which the patient has the meaning in his mind properly but uses the 

 wrong words in trying to express it. There are many combinations of 

 these various conditions found at times, but for description of them works 

 on nervous and mental disease should be consulted. These aphasias are 

 all of much interest physiologically as examples of direct psychophysical 

 relations and of the vast complexity of brain-processes. 



Emotional Reactions. As will be pointed out more explicitly in the 

 next chapter, the bodily aspects of the actual individual, as distinct 

 from his mental aspects, are not all related to his "will" (voluntary), 

 or to carrying on reflexly the vegetative, somatic, and protective func- 

 tions of the body. Besides these there is a class of movements and 

 tendencies to movement called strains which form part of the emotional 

 feeling-aspects of the individual. These are commonly called emotional 

 reactions or emotional "expressions," but they are also essential parts of 

 feeling-phenomena too simple and feeble to be called true emotions. 

 Thus, when we feel surprised our muscles make at least our faces 

 show it, unless (as is likely) we have trained ourselves to inhibit these 

 muscular movements. If we feel very glad of something and are 

 alone, that is, have no reason for inhibiting the natural movements and 

 "repressing our feelings," we are apt to smile and laugh and perhaps 

 be more lively and expansive than usual. When we are suffering from 

 an acute sorrow the opposite tendencies are obvious in our "manner," 

 that is, in our muscular conduct. In terror our face-muscles move in a 

 certain combination and make us "look frightened," and if we are 

 angered the infant even recognizes it instinctively because of the par- 

 ticular set of muscle-movements characteristic of the emotion of anger. 

 The classic works of Darwin, Piderit, Lavater, Rudolph, etc., describe 

 and finely picture this wealth of emotional reaction in man and other 

 animals. The striking thing about the matter physiologically is that 



