460 APPENDIX 



possessed by any animal, yet in a form so simple as to be much more 

 readily analyzed and appreciated than is possible in the most evolved 

 forms. The life of any order and species of plant or animal is as perfect 

 as that of any other. 



There is here immensely much to be seen by him who has brain and 

 eyes to see it, and life is one, apparently, whether in infusorium or in 

 man. 



" Flower in the crannied wall, 



I pluck you out of the crannies ; 



Hold you here, root and all, in my hand, 



Little flower but if I could understand 



What you are, root and all, and all in all, 



I should know what God and man is." 



Each student will get out of the laboratory work in physiology, 

 .and especially out of this first portion of it, that which he is fitted by his 

 intelligence, training, and industry to acquire. 



Experiment 1. The first slide given out contains some of the simplest 

 forms of living vegetal and animal cells. The vegetal cells are here grow- 

 ing filaments of a common alga, Spirogyra, or of another still more 

 common, called Edogonium, seen as lines made up of rectangular yellow- 

 ish cells more or less filled wfth protoplasm colored green with chlorophyll 

 (plant-green). Use first a No. 3 objective to find a filament made up of 

 cells as large as possible. Note the geometrical, rigid structure of the 

 cellulose cell- walls, and that the cells are lacking in means of locomotion. 

 Now employ a No. 5 objective and draw in the note-book any changes 

 observable in the arrangement of the essential living protoplasm within 

 the cells. Make large drawings of all observed detail. 



Compare with these vegetal cells the minute infusoria rapidly swimming 

 about them animal unicells made up wholly of soft protoplasm not 

 confined in rigid cellulose walls. Note that the animal protoplasm 

 probably is uncolored by the green > hemoglobin-like pigment chlorophyll; 

 a lack which prevents animals from synthesizing starch out of its inor- 

 ganic elements. Note their rapid movements, in search of food, by 

 means of cilia; and that they seldom or never quite collide with each 

 other. Observe if possible individuals each about to divide into two 

 new animals smaller than their parents but otherwise similar. Make 

 numerous drawings showing all possible details. (See Chapter I.) 



In a mixture such as this practically only one thing usually distin- 

 guishes plants from animals, and that is the presence of the green pig- 

 ment chlorophyll. The usual criterion of animality employed for higher 

 forms, the rapid movements, will not answer with these simple forms 

 of life, for some of the green plants have active swimming movements 

 and some of the animals are motionless and green (see Euglena). 

 Still many plants contain no chlorophyll and there is left no strict 

 standard whatever for discriminating a plant as such from an animal. 



Expt. 2. The second allotment consists largely of a very much mixed 

 mass of common saprophytic bacteria and cocci which grow on nutritious 



