258 



PREPARATION OF PEPTONISED FOOD. 



section of the cervical spinal cord.] The secretion is suppressed by atropin [in the 

 dog, but not the rabbit], by producing vomiting, by stimulation of the central end of 

 the vagus, as well as by stimulation of other sensory nerves, e.g., the crural and 

 sciatic. Extirpation of the nerves accompanying the blood-vessels prevents the 

 above-named stimuli from acting. Under these circumstances, a thin "paralytic se- 

 cretion," with feeble digestive powers, is formed, but its amount is not influenced by 

 the taking of food. [Secretion is excited by the injection of ether into the stomach.] 

 Extirpation of the gland may be performed, or the duct ligatured in animals, without causing 

 any very great change in their nutrition ; the absorption of fat from the intestine does not 

 cease. After the duct is ligatured it may be again restored. Ligature of the duct may cause 

 the formation of cysts in the duct and atrophy of the gland-substance. Pigeons soon die after 

 this operation. 



[172. PREPARATION OF PEPTONISED FOOD. Peptonised food may 

 be given to patients whose digestion is feeble (Roberts). Food may be pep- 

 tonised either by peptic or tryptic digestion, but the former is not so suitable 

 as the latter, because in peptic digestion the grateful odour and taste of the 

 food are destroyed, while bitter bye-products are formed, so that pancreatic 

 digestion yields a more palatable and agreeable product. As trypsin is destroyed 

 by gastric digestion, obviously it is useless to give extract of the pancreas to a 

 patient along with his food.] 



[Peptonised Milk. " A pint of milk is diluted with a quarter of a pint of water and heated 



to 60 C. Two or three tea-spoonfuls of Benger's liquor pancreaticus, together with 10 or 20 



grains of bicarbonate of soda, are then mixed therewith." Keep the mixture at 38 C. for 



about two hours, and then boil it for two or three minutes, which arrests the ferment action.] 



[Peptonised Gruel, prepared from oatmeal, or any farinaceous food, is more agreeable than 



peptonised milk, as the bitter 

 Sublobular Vein. Intralobular Vein. flavour does not appear to be 



developed in the pancreatic 

 digestion of vegetable proteids. ] 



[Peptonised Milk-Gruel y i elded 

 Roberts the most satisfactory re- 

 sults, as a complete and highly nu- 

 tritious food for weak digestions. 

 Make a thick gruel from any 

 farinaceous food, e.g., oatmeal, 

 and while still hot add to it an 

 equal volume of cold milk, when 

 the mixture will have a tempera- 

 ture of 52 C. (125 F.). To each 

 pint of this mixture add two or 

 three tea-spoonfuls of liquor pan- 

 creaticus and 20 grains of bicar- 

 bonate of soda. It is kept warm 

 for two hours under a "cosey." 

 It is then boiled for a few minutes 

 and strained. The bitterness of 

 the digested milk is almost com- 

 pletely covered by the sugar pro. 

 duced during the process. ] 



[Peptonised soups and beef-tea 



Section of human liver, x 20, showing the liver-lobules and have also been made and used 



the radiate arrangement of their cells from the central or with success, and have been ad- 



intralobular vein. ministered both by the mouth 



and rectum.] 

 [Peptonising powders containing the proper proportions of ferment and sodic bicarbonate are 

 prepared by Benger, and Burroughs and Welcome. ] 



173. STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER. The liver, the largest gland in the 

 body, consists of innumerable small lobules or acini, 1 to 2 millimetres (^ to 

 V inch) in diameter. These lobules are visible to the naked eye. All the lobules 

 have the same structure. 



Bile- 

 Ducts. 



Fig. 188. 



