412 



TESTS FOR BLOOD IN URINE. 



"cylinders," or "casts," consisting of a globulin-like body tinged yellow with haemoglobin, 

 may likewise be found in the urine. It also occurs in cases of severe burns ( 10, 3) ; after 

 decomposition of the blood in pyaemia, scorbutus, purpura, severe typhus^ after respiring arseni- 

 uretted hydrogen, and after the passage of azobenzol, naphtol, 



pyrogallic acid, potassic chlo 

 rate, chloral, phosphorus, or carbolic acid into the circulation. [The injection of laky blood, 

 water ether; glycerin (Adams), or toluylendiamin (A/anassieto 



also causes it, and in such 

 cases Afanassiew asserts that the Hb 

 passes out through the glomeruli, 

 while brown degeneration-products 

 of the red blood-corpuscles, which 

 are dissolved by these agents, were 

 found in the convoluted tubules.] 

 These substances dissolve the red 

 blood-corpuscles. Sometimes it oc- 

 23 curs periodically from causes and 

 conditions as yet but . little under- 

 stood, e.g., the application of cold 

 to the skin. 

 Tests for Blood in Urine. 1. The 

 ''** ^ colour of bloody urine shows every 



Fig. 266. Fig. 267. tint, from a faint red to a dark 



Fig. 266. -Coloured and (a) colourless blood-corpuscles blackish-brown according to the 

 of various forms. Fig. 267. -Shrivelled blood-corpuscles amount of blood present. The urine 

 in urine (catarrh of the bladder), with numerous lymph- 1S ^J 1 . j ^ i 



corpuscles, and crystals of triple phosphate, x 350. . 2 - Urine containing blood or blood- 



r J r r t pigment contains albumin. 



3. Heller's Blood Test. Add to urine half its volume of solution of caustic potash, and heat 

 gently. The earthy phosphates are precipitated, and they carry the hamiatin with them, fall- 

 ing asgarnet-red flocculi. [This is not a reliable test.] 



4. Haemin Test. The coloured earthy phosphates may be collected on a filter, and from them 

 hremin may be prepared as directed in 19. 



5. Almen's Test. Add to urine, freshly prepared tincture of guaiacum and ozonised ether ; 

 a blue colour indicates the presence of blood ( 37). 



6. Spectroscope (see 14). Fig. 268 shows the arrangement of the apparatus. The urine 



Fig. 268. 

 Spectroscope for investigating the presence of haemoglobin in urine. 



is placed in a glass vessel, D, with parallel sides, 1 centimetre apart (haamatinometer). Light 

 from a lamp, E, passes through the fluid. The lamp, F, illuminates the scale which is seen by 

 the observer through the telescope, A. (a) Fresh urine containing blood gives the spectrum 



